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STARTER
Present simple
present simple afirmativa I / You^ live^ in London. He / She lives in London. negativa We / They^ don’t play^ games. He / She doesn’t watch TV. interrogativa Do I / you travel by bus? Does he / she travel by bus? respuestas breves Yes, I / you do. No, I / you don’t. Yes, he / she does. No, he / she doesn’t.
- lo usamos para referirnos a hábitos y rutinas
- se forma con el infinitivo sin to. En la tercera persona del singular le añadimos -s 0 -es They play football. She plays tennis. Ellos juegan al fútbol. Ella juega al tenis.
- en negativa necesita do not / does not They do not play football. She does not play tennis. Ellos no juegan al fútbol. Ella no juega al tenis.
- en interrogativa, do / does va delante del sujeto Do you like pizza? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. ¿Te gusta la pizza? Sí. / No.
Adverbios de frecuencia
0% 100% never rarely sometimes often usually always
- usamos los adverbios de frecuencia para indicar con qué frecuencia hacemos alguna cosa
- van delante de la mayoría de los verbos, excepto be I sometimes walk to school. A veces voy andando al instituto. They are always happy. Siempre están contentos.
Present continuous
present continuous afirmativa I’m looking^ at the painting. We / You’re looking at the painting. He / She’s looking at the painting. negativa I’m^ not listening^ to the CD. We / They aren’t listening to the CD. He / She / it isn’t listening to the CD. interrogativa Am^ I^ eating?^ Is^ he / she / it^ eating? Are you / they eating? respuestas breves Yes, I am. No, I’m not. Yes, you / they are. No, you / they aren’t. Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she / it isn’t.
- se usa para expresar acciones que están ocurriendo mientras hablamos o situaciones temporales - se forma con be + el verbo principal acabado en - ing I am watching TV now. Ahora estoy viendo la tele. - la negativa se forma con not Karen isn’t studying French. Karen no está estudiando francés. - la interrogativa se forma con be + sujeto + un verbo acabado en - ing. En las respuestas breves, usamos be sin el verbo Is she writing an email? Yes , she is. / No , she isn’t. ¿Está escribiendo un correo electrónico? Sí. / No.
Comparativos y superlativos
adjetivo comparativo superlativo 1 sílaba old big older bigger the oldest the biggest 2 sílabas y acabados en - y happy happier the happiest 2 o más sílabas famous more famous the most famous irregulares good bad far better worse further the best the worst the furthest
- los adjetivos comparativos sirven para comparar dos cosas, personas o lugares. Se forman añadiendo - er a los adjetivos de una sílaba JIm is older than Bob. Jim es mayor que Bob.
- si tienen dos sílabas y acaban en -y, sustituimos la -y final por - ier He’s happier than me. Él está más contento que yo.
- con el resto de adjetivos de dos o más sílabas, empleamos more + el adjetivo
- todos los comparativos van seguidos de than St Petersburg is more beautiful than Moscow. San Petersburgo es más bonita que Moscú.
- el superlativo sirve para comparar tres o más cosas, personas o lugares
- se forma añadiendo - est a los adjetivos de una sílaba y a los de dos acabados en - y. Todos los superlativos van precedidos por the. Paul is the tallest boy in the class. Paul es el chico más alto de la clase_._
- los adjetivos largos lo forman con most The Alhambra is the most famous place in Spain. La Alhambra es el lugar más famoso de España_._
- los adjetivos irregulares good , bad y far tienen formas comparativas y superlativas distintas
Grammar reference
STARTER 5 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 4 using the negative form of the present continuous. They aren’t watching the film. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Complete the questions and answers with the missing words. Are you having a good time? Yes,^ I^ am. 1 Is Ryan sending a text message? No, he . 2 Are your parents chatting? Yes, are. 3 Tanya swimming? Yes, she is. 4 Are you enjoying the film? No, (^) not. 5 you and Dan talking about school? Yes, we are.
Comparatives and superlatives
7 Write the correct words. adjective: hot comparative:^ hotter than superlative:^ the hottest 1 adjective: comparative:^ than superlative:^ the easiest 2 adjective: comparative:^ better than superlative: the 3 adjective: comparative: than superlative:^ the 8 Complete the sentences with the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets. I think history is^ more interesting^ than geography. (interesting) 1 Paul and Robert are students in our class. (noisy) 2 I’m at football than you. (bad) 3 Climbing up a mountain is than walking down a mountain. (tiring) 4 We live in house in town. (large)
Present simple
1 Complete the sentences with the present simple form of the verbs in brackets. Leo^ watches^ (watch) the news at 7pm. 1 Emma (not like) science. 2 We (relax) at the weekend. 3 My cousins (not speak) English. 4 I (study) Italian. 2 Write questions and short answers using the present simple. Sara’s parents / work / in a school? ✓ Do Sara’s parents work in a school? Yes, they do. 1 you and Tom / like / football? ✓ 2 Eduardo / live / in Barcelona? ✗ 3 your grandparents / play / computer games? ✗ 4 your mum / speak / French? ✓
Adverbs of frequency
3 Rewrite the sentences using the adverbs of frequency in brackets. I play tennis after school. (often) I of ten play tennis af ter school. 1 We walk to school. (always) 2 They go to a youth club. (sometimes) 3 Seb is unhappy. (never) 4 Dad goes to bed late. (usually) 5 Ben and Nancy eat chocolate. (often)
Present continuous
4 Circle the correct answer. They ’s / ’re watching the film. 1 She ’m / ’s listening to music at the moment. 2 You ’re / ’m eating my sandwich! 3 Harry am / is sleeping now. 4 I ’s / ’m having lunch. 5 Max and I am / are doing our homework.
Grammar exercises
angry
UNITUNIT
Past continuous
5 Complete the text with the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. I^ was choosing^ (choose) a new book in the library yesterday. A student (1) (use) a computer near me. He (2) (not do) his homework on the computer, he (3) (play) a game! 6 Write questions in the past continuous. Then circle the correct words in the short answers. you / live / in Paris / last year? No, I was / wasn’t. Were you living in Paris last year? 1 it / rain / at 6 o’clock? No, it was / wasn’t. 2 Tim and Jen / work / in Madrid / last week? Yes, they was / were. 3 they / download / documents / in the library? No, they were / weren’t. 4 the teacher / use / the interactive whiteboard? Yes, she was / wasn’t.
Past simple and past
continuous
7 Circle the correct words. I saw an accident while I (1) walked / was walking to school. A bus (2) was driving / drove along the road when a dog (3) ran / was running in front of it. The driver (4) saw / was seeing the dog and tried to avoid it, but drove into a tree. I quickly got my mobile and (5) phoned / was phoning for help. Luckily no one was (6) hurting / hurt! 8 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. My mobile phone rang while I^ was watching a film. (ring / watch) 1 I home when I a €50 note. (run / find) 2 We the document when the computer .(download / break) 3 Dad a photo of us while we
. (take / dive) 4 They a barbecue when it to rain. (have / start)
Past simple
1 Are the verbs regular or irregular? Write R (regular) or I (irregular) and the past simple form of the verbs. send^ I^ sent 1 take 4 go 2 read 5 work 3 play 6 do 2 Complete the sentences with past simple verbs from exercise 1. I^ sent^ you an email at 11 o’clock last night. 1 Marc a photo with his mobile phone. 2 I my homework on my new laptop. 3 They really hard on their IT project. 4 Kim the blog and posted a comment. 5 My mum online to find the information. 3 Rewrite the sentences using the negative form. You charged your mobile phone. You didn’t charge your mobile phone. 1 They read the document. 2 I wrote an email to the politician. 3 David met Elena at computer club. 4 The computer saved the data. 4 Complete the past simple questions with the verbs in the box. Then write short answers phone send take buy ban want Did (^) Dan send (^) ten emails yesterday? ✗ (^) No, he didn’t. 1 you to read the message? ✓ 2 they any good photos? ✓ 3 your sister a laptop yesterday? ✗ 4 you Isabel yesterday? ✗ 5 Mr Green phones in the classroom? ✓
Grammar exercises
UNIT
Present perfect
present perfect afirmativa I / You have He / She / It has tried bungee jumping. negativa I / You^ haven’t He / She / It hasn’t watched the X Games. interrogativa Have^ I / you Has he / she / it seen the new film? respuestas breves Yes, I / you have. No, I / you haven’t. Yes, he / she / it has. No, he / she / it hasn’t.
- usamos el present perfect para hablar de: a) experiencias o acciones del pasado sin mencionar una referencia temporal concreta (no sabemos cuándo ocurrieron o no es importante decirlo) He has been to Las Vegas. Ha estado en Las Vegas. b) acciones que empezaron en el pasado y aún tienen vigencia en el presente, o aún no han acabado I have lived here for three years. He vivido aquí durante tres años.
- formamos la afirmativa del present perfect con have / has + el participio de pasado del verbo principal She has visited the Eiffel Tower. Ha visitado la Torre Eiffel.
- la negativa se forma con haven’t / hasn’t + el participio de pasado del verbo principal We haven’t been to the skate park. No hemos estado en la pista de skate.
- para la interrogativa, empleamos have / has + sujeto + participio de pasado What have you done? ¿Qué has hecho?
- el participio de pasado de los verbos regulares es igual que su past simple
- para saber cuáles son los participios de pasado de los verbos irregulares, consulta la lista de las páginas 158–
El present perfect con
expresiones temporales
expresiones temporales for She’s been an athlete^ for^ several years. since She’s been an athlete^ since^ 2010. just Sadie has^ just^ arrived home. yet Carlos hasn’t bought a motorbike^ yet. already We have^ already^ met our new neighbours. ever Have you^ ever^ tried waterskiing? never I’ve never been to Canada.
- usamos for para expresar duración en el tiempo
- since indica el momento de inicio (cuándo comenzó una acción)
- empleamos just para hablar de acciones acabadas recientemente
- yet se usa para referirnos a acciones esperadas pero que aún no han ocurrido
- usamos already para referirnos a algo que ha ocurrido antes de lo esperado
- ever se usa a menudo con el present perfect para preguntar sobre experiencias del pasado
- empleamos never con el present perfect para hablar de cosas que nunca hemos hecho
El present perfect y el past
simple
- el past simple se usa para referirse a acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado, y el present perfect para hablar de acciones sin referencia temporal concreta Alex competed in the X Games last year. Álex compitió en los X Games el año pasado. He has competed in other events, too. También ha participado en otras competiciones.
- el present perfect también se usa para expresar acciones que han ocurrido una o más veces durante un tiempo determinado I ’ve been to the gym twice this week. Esta semana he ido dos veces al gimnasio.
- utilizamos el present perfect para preguntar sobre experiencias del pasado Have you ever been kayaking? ¿Has ido alguna vez en kayak?
- el past simple se usa para pedir más información sobre la experiencia en cuestión When did you go kayaking? ¿Cuándo fuiste en kayak?
Grammar reference
UNIT
Cantidades: some / any,
(too) much / many, a few y
a lot of
nombres contables nombres no contables a / some drawing(s) some grafitti a few / a lot of installations a lot of art any / many photographs any / much pottery
- usamos some , any , much , many , a few y a lot of para referirnos a cantidades
- some se emplea en oraciones afirmativas con nombres contables en plural y no contables para expresar una cantidad moderada There are some paintings on the wall. Hay algunos cuadros en la pared.
- usamos a lot of con nombres contables en plural y no contables para referirnos a grandes cantidades There are a lot of sculptures on this floor. Hay un montón de esculturas en esta planta.
- a few se usa en oraciones afirmativas con nombres contables en plural para hablar de pequeñas cantidades I’ve seen a few of Picasso’s paintings. He visto unas cuantas pinturas de Picasso.
- usamos many en oraciones negativas con nombres contables en plural para referirnos a una cantidad pequeña I don’t have many pencils in my bag. No llevo muchos lápices en la mochila.
- much se usa en oraciones negativas con nombres no contables para hablar de una cantidad pequeña Emma doesn’t have much paper. Emma no tiene mucho papel.
- empleamos any en oraciones negativas con nombres contables en plural y no contables para expresar una cantidad cero There aren’t any pictures to buy. No hay ningún cuadro para comprar. I haven’t got any money. No tengo nada de dinero.
- usamos How many …? con nombres contables en plural y How much …? con nombres no contables para preguntar sobre cantidades How many photographs have you taken? ¿Cuántas fotos has tomado? How much work have you done? ¿Cuánto trabajo has hecho?
too y (not) enough
- usamos too delante de un adjetivo o un adverbio para decir que algo es excesivo We were too tired to visit the gallery. Estábamos demasiado cansados para visitar la galería. He used too much paint, so the painting didn’t dry. Empleó demasiada pintura, de manera que el cuadro no se secó.
- empleamos enough detrás de un adjetivo o delante de un nombre para decir que algo es suficiente The room was big enough for the exhibition. La sala era suficientemente grande para la exposición. There were enough people to fill the room. Había gente suficiente para llenar la sala.
- usamos not + adjetivo + enough o not enough
- nombre para decir que algo es insuficiente The colours weren’t bright enough. Los colores no eran suficientemente brillantes. There weren’t enough tickets for everyone. No había entradas suficientes para todos.
El gerundio y el infinitivo
- usamos el gerundio (acabado en - ing ): a) detrás de las preposiciones ( before , after , at , etc.) Please ask permission before taking photographs. Por favor, pida permiso antes de tomar fotos. b) como sujeto de la oración Painting is a wonderful hobby. Pintar es una afición maravillosa. c) detrás de algunos verbos, como like , prefer , hate , enjoy , consider Do you like going to galleries? ¿Te gusta ir a las galerías de arte? No, I hate visiting crowded places. No, odio ir a lugares llenos de gente.
- empleamos el infinitivo: a) detrás de algunos adjetivos ( easy , difficult , lucky , happy , etc.) It’s difficult to paint a portrait. Es difícil pintar un retrato. b) para explicar el motivo de una acción We went to Paris to visit the Louvre. Fuimos a París para visitar el Louvre. c) detrás de algunos verbos, como want , learn , need , decide , choose I want to learn how to paint. Quiero aprender a pintar. You need to go to classes. Tendrás que ir a clases.
Grammar reference
UNITUNIT
Quantity: some / any, (too)
much / many, a few and a lot of
1 Circle the correct words. How much / many piercings has Ella got? 1 He didn’t send some / any postcards from New York – not one! 2 There are a few / a lot of biscuits left in the packet – just two or three. 3 Have you got much / many homework to do tonight? 4 Barcelona is amazing. There are a few / a lot of interesting places to visit. 5 There aren’t much / many students with earrings in my class. 6 There are some / any great exhibitions at the gallery this month. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct words from the box. much some a lot of many any a few We need^ some^ face paint for the carnival tomorrow. 1 There isn’t graffiti in my town. No one paints on the walls. 2 I’ve got friends in the USA. I know about three people there. 3 How brothers and sisters have you got? 4 tourists visit Valencia every year. The beach is always crowded. 5 Don’t use too eyeliner. You don’t want to scare people!
too and (not) enough
3 Rewrite the sentences so they have the same meaning. Use too , enough or not enough and the adjectives in brackets. This town is too small. (big)^ This town isn’t big enough. 1 These exercises aren’t easy enough. (difficult) 2 This train isn’t fast enough. (slow) 3 Ed is the right height to join the army. (tall) 4 This lipstick isn’t cheap enough. (expensive) 5 It wasn’t the right temperature for it to snow. (cold)
Grammar exercises
Gerunds and infinitives
4 Write the gerund (- ing form) of the verbs. play playing 1 make 5 go 2 draw 6 ride 3 chat 7 talk 4 learn 8 sing 5 Write sentences using the infinitive form of the verbs in brackets. We want^ to go^ (go) swimming on Saturday. 1 Have you decided (get) a tattoo? 2 Lucy is learning (speak) Italian. 3 This museum is free. You don’t need (take) any money. 4 Harry chose (do) art lessons after school. 5 That painting is €2,000. I can’t afford (buy) it! 6 Simon wants (plan) his summer holiday. He is going on a language course. 6 Complete the text with the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in brackets. My name is Isabel. I was born in a small village but my parents decided (1)^ to move^ (move) to Bilbao when I was ten. (2)^ (live) in Bilbao was strange at first, but now I love it. It’s never difficult (3)^ (find) things to do in Bilbao. There are lots of museums, galleries and other interesting places to visit. The most famous building is the Guggenheim Museum. It isn’t easy (4)^ (describe) but it looks amazing! (5) (spend) time outdoors is also fun in Bilbao. There are 18 parks in the city. I really enjoy (6)^ (meet) friends in the park at weekends. I think I’m really lucky (7) (live) here. I don’t think I ever want (8)^ (leave)!
UNITUNIT
Grammar exercises
4 Use the information from exercise 3 to write questions and short answers. Kate / meet friends / Saturday? Is Kate meeting friends on Saturday? Yes, she is. 1 Kate / see Dan / Saturday? 2 she / do sponsored swim / Sunday? 3 she and Emma / have pizza / Saturday? 4 she / go to Joe’s house / 2pm on Sunday? 5 Grandma and Grandad / visit / 10am on Sunday?
Adverbs of possibility and
probability
5 Rewrite the sentences using adverbs of possibility and probability. I’m certain that I’ll travel when I’m eighteen. I will definitely travel when I’m eighteen. 1 I might have children, but I’m not sure. 2 It’s likely that I will go to university. 3 There’s no chance that I’ll live abroad. 4 It’s not very likely that I’ll buy a house.
can, could and will be able to
6 Complete the text with can / can’t , could / couldn’t or will be able to. In the early nineteenth century, there weren’t many laws to protect children in Britain. They^ could get jobs outdoors or in factories. In 1880, there was a new law. Children had to go to school until they were ten. This meant people (1) employ very young children to work in factories or on farms. Now, employement laws are very strict. Children under the age of 13 (2) work. Children over the age of 13 (3) only work for 12 hours a week. In the future, children may have more rights. Many people think that 16-year-olds (4) vote in a few years’ time.
Future tenses
1 Complete the sentences about Libby and Dan with will or won’t. leave home at 18 go to university get married have children Libby^ ✓^ ✓^ ✓^ ✗ Dan^ ✗^ ✓^ ✗^ ✗ Libby^ will^ leave home when she’s 18. 1 Dan have children. 2 Libby get married. 3 Dan leave home when he’s 18. 4 Libby have children. 5 Libby and Dan go to university. 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of be going to and the verbs in brackets. They^ ’re going to build^ a new cinema. (build) 1 I’m any more DVDs. (not buy) 2 David his homework later. (do) 3 Are you your favourite programme tonight? (watch) 4 Charlotte to the party on Saturday. (not go) 5 We our cousins this weekend. (visit) 3 Look at Kate’s diary and complete the sentences about her weekend. Use the present continuous. Kate’s very busy this weekend. She^ ’s playing tennis with Dan at 10 o’clock on Saturday. In the afternoon, she (1). Then, in the evening, Emma and Kate (2). On Sunday morning, Kate’s grandparents (3). Kate (4) at 3 o’clock that afternoon, and then at 6 o’clock she (5) at Joe’s house. Saturday Sunday 10am play tennis with Dan 2pm meet friends in town 7pm go out for a pizza with Emma 11am Grandma and Grandad visit 3pm do sponsored swim 6pm DVD at Joe’s house
UNIT
El primer condicional
condición consecuencia If I don’t win, I won’t give up. consecuencia condición We’ll win some money if our predictions are correct.
- usamos el primer condicional para expresar situaciones posibles y sus consecuencias probables
- para formar oraciones en primer condicional usamos if + sujeto + present simple (en la condición) y sujeto + will / won’t + infinitivo sin to (en la consecuencia)
- si la condición va primero, le ponemos una coma detrás If the weather is good, I’ll go to the beach. Si hace buen tiempo, iré a la playa.
- no usamos la coma si la consecuencia va primero I’ll go to the beach if the weather is good. Iré a la playa si hace buen tiempo. El orden de la condición y la consecuencia no es importante: el significado de la oración no cambia
will y might
- usamos will o won’t cuando tenemos la certeza de que algo ocurrirá en el futuro Global warming will change all of our lives. El calentamiento global cambiará nuestras vidas. We won’t like the consequences. No nos gustarán las consecuencias.
- might ( not ) se usa cuando creemos que es posible que algo ocurra en el futuro, aunque no estamos seguros del todo We might find new ways to recycle rubbish. Tal vez descubramos nuevas maneras de reciclar la basura. We might not be as wasteful. A lo mejor no producimos tantos desechos.
El segundo condicional
condición consecuencia If I had a bike, I would cycle to school. consecuencia condición Some countries would disappear if sea levels increased by one metre.
- usamos el segundo condicional para hablar sobre situaciones hipotéticas y sus consecuencias
- para formar oraciones en segundo condicional usamos if + sujeto + past simple (en la condición) y sujeto + would / wouldn’t + infinitivo sin to (en la consecuencia)
- cuando la condición va primero, le ponemos una coma detrás If we were famous, we’d buy a big house. Si fuéramos famosos, nos compraríamos una casa grande.
- no usamos la coma si la consecuencia va primero We would buy a big house if we were famous. Nos compraríamos una casa grande si fuéramos famosos.
- las preguntas se forman con una partícula interrogativa + would + sujeto + infinitivo sin to + if
- sujeto + past simple La proposición subordinada con if puede ir tanto en la primera como en la segunda parte de la oración interrogativa What would you do if you had an argument with your best friend? ¿Qué harías si te pelearas con tu mejor amigo? If you had an argument with your best friend, what would you do? Si te pelearas con tu mejor amigo, ¿qué harías?
Grammar reference
UNIT
Verbos modales de obligación,
prohibición y ausencia de
obligación
obligación You must be 18 to drive a car. We have to study hard to pass our exams.
- para expresar obligación usamos must y have to She must wear a helmet. Debe ponerse un casco. I have to turn off my phone in class. En clase tengo que apagar el teléfono.
- must es invariable y se usa igual con todas las personas del singular y del plural I must remember to email Robin. Tengo que acordarme de/ Que no se me olvide enviarle un correo electrónico a Robin. You must phone your grandma tonight. Tienes que llamar a tu abuela esta noche.
- en las preguntas sobre obligación solo usamos have to Do I have to arrive early? ¿Tengo que llegar temprano? prohibición We mustn’t waste time.
- para expresar prohibición usamos mustn’t. No hay que confundir mustn’t con don’t have to , que significa otra cosa totalmente distinta. You mustn’t drop litter in the street. No debes tirar basura en la calle. We mustn’t have our phones on in class. En clase no debemos tener los teléfonos encendidos. ausencia de obligación I / We / They He / She / It don’t have to doesn’t have to wear a uniform.
- don’t have to significa que no hay obligación de hacer algo o que no es necesario hacerlo. Significa “no tener que” o “no tener por qué” She doesn’t have to do her homework tonight. Ella no tiene que hacer los deberes esta noche. They don’t have to arrive early. No es necesario que lleguen temprano.
should / shouldn’t
should / shouldn’t afirmativa You^ should^ read the information. negativa We^ shouldn’t^ work all the time. interrogativa Should^ I get special qualifications? respuestas breves Yes, I should. No, I shouldn’t.
- usamos should / shouldn’t para aconsejar She should relax more. Debería relajarse más. You shouldn’t spend all your money at once. No deberías gastarte todo el dinero de golpe.
Grammar reference
UNITUNIT
Modals of obligation, prohibition
and no obligation
1 Read the sentences and write O (obligation), N (no obligation) or P (prohibition). You must be at school by 9 o’clock.^ O 1 Do you have to wear school uniform? 2 We mustn’t take food into the classroom. 3 Sara doesn’t have to walk to school. 4 You mustn’t talk when the teacher is talking. 2 Complete the sentences with must / have to or mustn’t. ‘Have you seen that tall man over there?’ ‘Anna, you mustn’t point at him. It’s rude!’ 1 It’s Patrick’s birthday next week. We send him a card. 2 Jack is only six so he play that video game. It’s too violent. 3 ‘I didn’t break the window.’ ‘I know you broke it. You tell lies.’ 4 We’re talking about this book in class tomorrow. I finish it tonight. 3 Complete the sentences with mustn’t or don’t have to and the verbs in the box. pay go shout be hurry I don’t have to go to bed early. There’s no school tomorrow! 1 Please hurry! We late. 2 The guidebook is free. You for it. 3 We’re in the library. You. 4 We’ve got plenty of time. We. 4 Complete the text using modal verbs of obligation and prohibition. Tips for young entrepreneurs Confidence is really important. You have to believe in yourself and your ideas. Success is never instant. You will have some disappointments, but you (1) give up. You (2) work hard. Successful entrepreneurs are never lazy! You (3) be focused. Decide on what you want to achieve and stick to it. Don’t be afraid to try new things. You (4) be adventurous sometimes!
Grammar exercises
5 Write questions and short answers using have to. teachers / work outside ✗ Do teachers have to work outside? No, they don’t. 1 I / finish this story for homework? ✗ 2 Sara and Matthew / work tomorrow? ✓ 3 Lucy / learn Italian? ✗ 4 we / return these books? ✓ 5 Spencer / get up early? ✓
should / shouldn’t
6 Read the advice. Complete the sentences with should or shouldn’t and the verbs in the box. try expect dress be wait listen Q: I’m starting a new job on Monday and I’m very nervous. Please can you give me some advice about what I should and shouldn’t do? Jess A: Dear Jess, Don’t worry! Follow my advice and I’m sure you’ll be fine. You should dress smartly for your first day at work. It’s important to show you have made an effort with your appearance. You will probably feel nervous but you (1) to appear confident. There will be a lot of new people to meet. You (2) to be introduced to everyone – introduce yourself! You (3) carefully to what people tell you, but you (4) afraid to ask people to repeat things. No one understands everything the first time. Finally, don’t worry if things seem confusing at first. You (5) to learn it all on day 1!
UNITUNIT
3 Complete the text with the past simple passive form of the verbs in the box. need find form give not solve not know
Present simple and past
simple passive: affirmative and
negative
1 Complete the text with the present simple passive form of the verbs in brackets.
Grammar exercises
New Scotland Yard and the murder mystery The Metropolitan Police force (or ‘the Met’) was formed in 1829. The Met’s first headquarters was a group of buildings, which backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard. It (1) the name ‘Scotland Yard’. In 1888, a new building (2). When the building work started, the body of a woman (3) on the site. The woman’s identity (4). The case was investigated by the Met, but the crime (5). The death of the woman is still a mystery!
Active and passive
4 Rewrite the sentences using the correct active or passive form. Use by where appropriate. A boy hacked the government computer. The government computer was hacked by a boy. 1 Witnesses didn’t recognize the vandals. The vandals. 2 The information was collected by the police officer. The police officer. 3 The detectives questioned the witnesses. The witnesses. 4 The vandals were caught by the police. The police.
Present simple passive:
questions and answers
5 Read the answers. Then write questions about DNA. Is DNA contained in every cell in your body? Yes, DNA is contained in every cell in your body. 1 Yes, DNA is found at crime scenes. 2 DNA testing is used in many different ways. 3 Samples are examined by forensic scientists. 4 Yes, criminals are often caught using their DNA. 2 Write affirmative or negative sentences. Use the present simple passive. that building / use / as a youth club That building is used as a youth club. 1 clues / leave / at crime scenes 2 photography / not allow / in the museum 3 some crimes / not report / by the public 4 crime stories / read / all over the world 5 millions of songs / download / online 6 this information / not give / to everyone Many mobile phones are stolen (steal) every year in Britain. Sometimes they (1) (sell) to mobile phone recycling companies, or they (2) (send) abroad to places where mobile phones are very valuable. The police want people to be more careful with their phones. Many phones (3) (leave) in cafés and restaurants. In busy streets, they (4) (take) from people’s bags or even from their hands. You should keep your phone hidden. If your phone (5) (see) by a lot of people, it’s more likely to be taken!
UNIT
who, which y where
who, which y where personas cosas lugares who which where
- usamos who, which y where para dar información sobre personas, cosas o lugares
- para referirnos a personas usamos who The Prime Minister is the person who leads the government in Britain. El primer ministro es la persona que encabeza el gobierno británico.
- empleamos which para hablar de cosas, y where para lugares Politics is a subject which I find interesting. La política es un tema que me parece interesante. Sevilla is the city where I grew up. Sevilla es la ciudad en que crecí.
- who, which y where van detrás del sustantivo al que se refieren
Los pronombres indefinidos
personas cosas lugares generalmente con verbos en afirmativa someone everyone no one something everything nothing somewhere everywhere nowhere con verbos en negativa y en preguntas anyone anything anywhere
- con los pronombres indefinidos nos referimos a personas, cosas o lugares sin especificar cuáles son
- generalmente, en afirmativa utilizamos los indefinidos que llevan los prefijos some , every y no Someone in my building thinks it’s noisy. Alguien de mi edificio cree que es ruidoso. Someone has left a note on the front door! ¡Alguien ha dejado una nota en la puerta de la calle! No one wants this problem to continue. Nadie quiere que este problema continúe. Everyone should be interested in politics. Todo el mundo debería interesarse por la política.
- en las oraciones negativas e interrogativas usamos los indefinidos formados con el prefijo any I haven’t seen anyone from my class yet. Todavía no he visto a nadie de mi clase. Is there anything we can do to help? ¿Hay algo que podamos hacer para ayudar?
used to
used to afirmativa My father used to be very active in youth politics. negativa This town^ didn’t^ use to^ have a mayor. interrogativa Did^ they^ use to^ live in a flat? respuestas breves Yes, they did. / No, they didn’t.
- empleamos used to para hablar sobre hábitos y situaciones que eran comunes en el pasado pero ya no
- en las oraciones afirmativas, usamos sujeto + used to + verbo en infinitivo I used to have a pen pal in Kenya when I was younger. Yo tenía un amigo por correspondencia en Kenia cuando era más pequeño.
- en oraciones negativas, usamos sujeto + didn’t use to + infinitivo I didn’t use to write a blog. No solía escribir un blog.
- en interrogativa, usamos el auxiliar did + el sujeto
- use to + infinitivo Did you use to write a diary? ¿Escribías un diario personal?
Grammar reference
UNIT
Repaso de los tiempos verbales
El pasado
past simple His friend bought a new computer. Lisa didn’t watch TV with us. past continuous Maria was using her laptop yesterday. They weren’t downloading an app.
El pretérito perfecto
present perfect Ellie has recorded a song. We haven’t been to Australia. el present perfect con expresiones temporales She has played tennis since 2009. I haven’t done my homework yet. They’ve just arrived at their destination. We’ve waited for two hours to see the concert. He’s already finished the new book. I’ve never been to the USA. Have you ever broken a bone?
El futuro
will You’ll be in my class next term. She won’t take her driving test this year. be going to He’s going to study maths at university. Jo and Simon aren’t going to visit Madrid. present continuous I’m going out with friends on Friday. We aren’t having paella tonight.
El condicional
primer condicional If climate change continues, we’ll have more unusual weather. If we don’t protect the environment, more animals will become extinct. segundo condicional There would be more wild flowers if we used fewer pesticides. If you didn’t use your car so often, you’d reduce your carbon footprint.
La pasiva
la pasiva en presente Computers are used by millions of students. MP3 players aren’t sold in that shop. la pasiva en pasado Three armed robbers were arrested last night. The stolen jewellery wasn’t found.
who, which y where
who , which y where She’s the woman who works at the library. Malaria is a disease which is common in parts of Africa. I want to live in a country where it’s hot.
used to
used to In the 19th century young children used to work in factories. Ordinary men and women didn’t use to have the right to vote.
Grammar reference
UNITUNIT
5 Circle the correct words. If I pass / ’ll pass my exams this year, I go / ’ll go on holiday with my friends. 1 If more people recycled / would recycle, we ’d reduce / reduce the amount of rubbish in landfill sites. 2 Global warming gets / will get worse if we don’t take / won’t take more action. 3 If I had / would have more money, I support / ’d support more environmental projects. 4 If we all turn off / turned off our TVs every night, we ’d save / save a lot of energy. 6 Write present simple passive or past simple passive sentences. the diamonds / find / by a police dog The diamonds were found by a police dog. 1 the criminals / arrest / two weeks later 2 many houses / burgle / every year 3 DNA samples / take / after the robbery 4 the two thieves / not send / to prison 5 souvenirs / sell / at the Sherlock Holmes Museum 6 photography / not allow / at this exhibition 7 Complete the sentences with who , which or where. I’ve never met anyone who has been to China. 1 There’s a café in town we can sit outside. 2 She’s the young woman travelled across the USA on a bike. 3 It’s an organization helps to protect endangered wildlife. 4 We saw a letter in the British Library was written by Jane Austen. 5 There’s a summer school in Granada you can learn Spanish. 1 Complete the sentences with the past simple form of the verbs in the box. buy not have find send not call watch I found a great blog last night. 1 Jenny me a photo with her new mobile phone. 2 Did you that programme about robots at the weekend? 3 Dad Mum a new tablet for her birthday. 4 I left Helen a message but she me back. 5 My grandparents computers when they were young. 2 Complete the sentences with the past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. She was watching a film clip on her phone. (watch) 1 He an app in class! (download) 2 I to some songs. (listen) 3 Joe and Adam along the beach? (walk) 4 They video games. (not play) 5 she in the library? (work) 3 Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. We have visited Australia twice. (visit) 1 Elena a skiing competition. She is very good! (not lose) 2 I Skyfall three times! (see) 3 He online for two days. (not be) 4 His life a lot since he won an Olympic®^ gold medal. (change) 5 I to Wimbledon. I’d love to go one day. (not go) 4 Match 1–5 with a–e to make sentences. 1 What are you going a) the premier league this year? 2 I think I’ll have b) to do after university? 3 Do you think Rob c) having a gap year. 4 Maybe they’ll win d) children when I’m in my thirties. 5 My friends aren’t e) will work abroad when he’s older?
Grammar exercises
