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BASIC KOREAN:

A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume.

This workbook presents twenty-five individual grammar points in lively and realistic contexts, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first year of learning Korean. Grammar points are followed by examples and exercises which allow students to reinforce and consolidate their learning.

Basic Korean is suitable for both class use as well as independent study.

Key features include:

• abundant exercises with full answer key
• all Korean entries presented in Hangul with English translations
• subject index.

Clearly presented and user-friendly, Basic Korean provides readers with the essential tools to express themselves in a wide variety of situations, making it an ideal grammar reference and practice resource for both beginners and students with some knowledge of the language.

Andrew Sangpil Byon is Associate Professor at the State University of New York at Albany, where he teaches courses in Korean language and civilization.

BASIC KOREAN:

A GRAMMAR AND

WORKBOOK

Andrew Sangpil Byon

First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2009 Andrew Sangpil Byon

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Byon, Andrew Sangpil. Basic Korean : a grammar & workbook / Andrew Sangpil Byon. – 1st ed. p. cm. – (Grammar workbook series)

1. Korean language – Grammar – Problems, exercises, etc.
2. Korean language – Textbooks for foreign speakers – English. I. Title. PL913.B96 2008 495.7′82421–dc 2008006927

ISBN10 0-415-77487-X (pbk) ISBN10 0-203-89227-5 (ebk)

ISBN13 978-0-415-77487-1 (pbk) ISBN13 978-0-203-89227-5 (ebk)

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 200 8.

“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”

ISBN 0-203-89227-5 Master e-book ISBN

20 Expressing desire -ἶG㕌┺ - ko sip’ta and progressive

• 17 Past tense and double past tense marker
• 18 Negation
• 19 Irregular verbs
  • form -ἶG㧞┺ - ko itta
  • • ( U )l kkayo? 21 The endings -O㦒Pඥ Ệ㡞㣪 - ( U )l k O yeyo and -O㦒Pඥ₢㣪f
• 22 Prenouns
• 23 Adverbs and adverbials
• 24 The endings -O㦒Pඥ⧮㣪 -( U )l laeyo and -O㦒PඥỢ㣪 - ( U )lgeyo
• 25 The suffixes -Ỷ - ket and -O㦒P㔲 - ( U )si
  • Key to exercises
  • Index

PREFACE

Korean-as-a-foreign-language (KFL) teaching and learning in the English- speaking world has hardly been popular among non-Koreans until quite recently. However, the number of KFL learners has started to grow rapidly since the latter half of the 1970s for various reasons, such as the increas- ing visibility of South Korea on the international stage because of its fast economic development and its democratization over the last four decades, the continuing support from the Korean government regarding the expan- sion of the Korean Studies program abroad, the growing importance of the North Korean issues in contemporary global-political affairs, and the recent growth of the Korean-American population in the USA. In the USA alone, the number of colleges that offer KFL courses was merely ten in 1975. However, that number has grown to over 130 in the early 2000s. A few universities, including the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Los Angeles, have offered Korean language BA, MA, and PhD programs. The number of Korean commu- nity schools (for K-12 Korean and culture education) grew from seven in 1975 to 832 in 1996, and to over 900 in the early 2000s. In addition, over 20 public high schools have recently started to teach Korean. The Korean language boom is not confined within the US private sector or university settings but is found in the government sector as well. For example, US government institutes such as the Defense Language Institute, the Foreign Service Institute, and the Central Intelligence Agency provide intensive Korean language training. In recent decades the number of KFL textbooks for English-speaking KFL classroom use has steadily increased. However, the number of KFL study materials intended for a self-study purpose is still relatively scarce. Furthermore, to date there has been no published KFL grammar workbook that specifically aims at providing supplemental grammar explanations and exercises in a single volume. Basic Korean: A Grammar and Workbook and its sister volume, Intermediate Korean , are intended to meet that need. The book focuses on providing an accessible reference grammar explanation and related exercises

UNIT 1

Reading Hangul (the Korean alphabet)

The Korean writing system “Hangul” is one of the most scientific and sys- tematic writing systems in the world. Hangul is made of an alphabet of 21 vowel and 19 consonant symbols. The system was invented in 1443 by the King Sejong the Great and his group of royal scholars during the Chosun dynasty of Korea (1392–1910). This unit introduces how to read Hangul. The unit introduces individual vowel and consonant symbols and discusses how each symbol is assembled into syllables to spell Korean words.

Vowels

Hangul has a total of 21 vowel symbols. Among them are 11 basic vowel and ten double-vowel symbols. The basic vowel symbols include:

ර a (as in father) ඿ uh (as in uh-oh) ස o (as in home) ෈ oo (as in boo) ෍ u (as in pull) ා ee (as in feet) ඼ a (as in care) ව e (as in met) ෆ we (as in wet) ෋ wi (as in we are the world) ෎ ui (u as in pull, followed by ee as in feet, but said quickly as one sound).

Ten double-vowel symbols are made of either adding one more stroke to some of the above basic vowel symbols or combining some basic vowel symbols together. For instance, the following six double-vowel symbols are results of adding one more stroke (adding the y sound) to the first six vowel symbols above (e.g., adding a stroke to ර “a,” you get ල “ya”).

2 Unit 1: Reading Hangul

ල ya (as in yard) ශ yo (as in yonder) ෇ yo (as in yoga) ෌ yu (as in you) ඾ ya (as in yankie) ෂG ye (as in yes)

Another four double-vowel symbols are made up of combining some of the basic vowel symbols together (e.g., combining ස “o” and ර “a” produces හ “wa”):

හG wa (as in wine) ෉ wo (as in wonder) ළ wae (as in wait) ් whe (as in when)

Notice that the above four double-vowel symbols have the w sound. You may wonder whether other vowel symbols can be combined. However, there are vowel symbols that cannot be combined together. For instance, ස does not combine with ඿ or ව, whereas ෈ does not combine with ර or ඼. The reason is attributed to the Korean vowel harmony principle. In Korean, two vowel symbols ර and ස are called “bright vowels” since they sound sonorous to Korean native speakers. Since the vowel symbols such asG ළ, හ, ඼, and ඾were derived from ර and ස (e.g., either add- ing a stroke or combining them together), these vowel symbols are also considered “bright vowels.” On the other hand, ඿ and ෈ are considered “dark vowels” along with ෉, ් , and ෂ. Meanwhile ා and ෍ are called “neutral vowels.” The vowel harmony principle prohibits the combination of bright and dark vowel symbols.

Consonants

Hangul has 19 consonant symbols, as shown below:

ථ p (as in park, but relaxed) ඹ p (as in pill, aspirated; or with puffs of air) ද p (as in speak, tense) ඣ t (as in tall, but relaxed) ම t (as in talk, aspirated) ඤ t (as in steam, tense)

4 Unit 1: Reading Hangul

the syllable with three symbols (consonant-vowel-consonant(s)) seems to be more crowded and compacted than the one of two symbols (consonant- vowel) formation. However, each syllable should look about the same size, no matter how many symbols it may contains. For instance, notice that the sizes of the following two letters are about the same: ⋮ and 䦯. Another thing to remember is that Hangul follows the spelling convention, and consequently, Korean spellings do not change just because it reads a little differently from its symbol combinations. In other words, one should not write just as each word sounds (this is the same for English, where you cannot write just as you hear or speak).

Exercises

Exercise 1.

Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is pronounced differently from the others.

◆, ┺, ╖

Exercise 1.

Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is pronounced differently from the others.

Ὦ, ᾊ, ῞

Exercise 1.

Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is not one of the “bright vowels.”

ර, ළ, ෉, ස, ඼, ඾

Exercise 1.

Among the following vowel symbols, circle the one that is not one of the “dark vowels.”

෈, ෉, ් , හ, ඿, ෂ

Unit 1: Reading Hangul 5

Exercise 1.

The following Korean words are the English borrowed words used in Korean. Match each Korean word with one of the following English words (camera, jazz, taxi, romance, hot dog, Starbucks, quiz, coat, bus, sandwich, hamburger, and coffee):

1 ⻚㓺 2 䄺䞒 3 䆪䔎 4 㨂㯞 5 䊊㯞 6 ⪲ⰾ㓺 7 䌳㔲 8 㓺䌖⻛㓺 9 䟁☚⁎ 10 ㌢✲㥚䂮 11 䟚⻚Ệ 12 䃊Ⲫ⧒

Exercise 1.

The following are names of countries in Hangul. Make a guess and write the English name for each country.

1 ぢ⧒㰞 2 㓺䗮㧎 3 ⏎⯊㤾㧊 4 䞖⧖✲ 5 䞚Ⰲ䞖 6 㧊䌞Ⰲ㞚 7 䝚⧧㓺 8 㧟⁖⧲✲ 9 䃦⋮┺ 10 ⲫ㔲䆪

Exercise 1.

The following are names of cities in Hangul. Make a guess and write the English name for each city.

Unit 1: Reading Hangul 7

5 Moscow 6 Helsinki 7 Rome 8 Oslo 9 Bangkok 10 Mexico City

Exercise 1.

The following are the names of some world famous people. Make a guess and write their names in English.

1 㰖⹎G䃊䎆 2 㫆㰖G⿖㓂 3 㞶ぢ⧮䟚GⰗ䄾 4 㫆㰖G㢖㕇䎊 5 㥞㓺䎊G㻮䂶 6 䏶Ⱎ㓺G㞶❪㓾 7 アG䋊Ⰶ䎊 8 Ⰲ㡺⋮⯊☚G┺ゞ䂮 9 㠮゚㓺G䝚⩞㔂Ⰲ 10 㫊G⩞⏒

Exercise 1.

The following English words are used as loanwords in Korean. Match the corresponding Korean words from the following list:

㓺䋺, 䈶䋺, ⋮㧊䝚, 䗲, ⳾┞䎆, 䎪⩞゚㩚 , 䃊✲, 䕳㏷, ⹪⋮⋮, 䞒㧦, 㡺⩢㰖, ㍊䛎.

1 monitor 2 shampoo 3 pizza 4 ski 5 television 6 pen 7 card 8 cookie 9 pop song 10 knife 11 banana 12 orange

10 Unit 2: Characteristics of the Korean language

㞺✲⮮Ṗ 㰧㠦㍲ 㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪 “Andrew home-at lunch eats” 㞺✲⮮Ṗ 㩦㕂㦚 㰧㠦㍲ ⲏ㠊㣪 “Andrew lunch home-at eats” 㰧㠦㍲ 㞺✲⮮Ṗ 㩦㕂㦚 ⲏ㠊㣪 “Home-at Andrew lunch eats” 㰧㠦㍲ 㩦㕂㦚 㞺✲⮮Ṗ ⲏ㠊㣪 “Home-at lunch Andrew eats” 㩦㕂㦚 㞺✲⮮Ṗ 㰧㠦㍲ ⲏ㠊㣪 “Lunch Andrew home-at eats” 㩦㕂㦚 㰧㠦㍲ 㞺✲⮮Ṗ ⲏ㠊㣪 “Lunch home-at Andrew eats”

The fact that Korean nouns can be freely arranged differs from English, since the English word order typically determines grammatical relation- ships. The word order affects the Korean language only when certain particles are missing in given sentences (often during the colloquial usages). Meanwhile, for delimiting the meaning of the nouns, the tone is often used in English. In Korean, however, the changing word orders (e.g., mov- ing the important elements near the verb and less essential elements to the front of the sentence) or using the special particles (e.g., topic particle 㦖/⓪) delimit the meanings of nouns.

Context-oriented language

In Korean the most important elements tend to cluster to the end of the sentence. The further the word is from the end of the sentence, the less important the element is and more likely it is to be dropped. In other words, what appears at the very end of the sentence (e.g., verbs) is most important. Consequently, Korean sentences that have no subject or object but just a verb or an adjective, such as in ⲏ㠊㣪 “eat,” are grammatically correct and natural in conversation. Here are more examples.

㞞⎫䞮㕃┞₢f “How are you?” are peaceful ⶦGὋ⿖䞮㎎㣪f “What do you study?” what study Ṧ㌂䞿┞┺ “Thank you” thanks do

Notice that none of the above expressions contains the first or second person pronoun. What determines the omission is the context. The Korean language is a context-oriented language in that any contextually understood elements may be omitted unless they are indispensable.

Unit 2: Characteristics of the Korean language 11

General-to-specific language

Korean is a “general-to-specific” or “big-to-small” language. In other words, Koreans write or say general, or bigger, units before the specific, or smaller, units. For instance, Koreans say or write the last name before the given name (e.g., ₖ㩫⹒ “Kim Jungmin”). When writing an address, they write the name of the country, followed by the province, city, street, house number, and the name of the receiver.

╖䞲⹒ῃSGἓ₆☚SG㍲㤎㔲SG⁞㻲ῂSG☛㌆☯GXXZSGₖ㩫⹒ (Republic of Korea, Kyonggi Province, Seoul, Kumchon-District, Toksan 113, Kim Jungmin)

When writing a date, the year comes first, followed by month and the day.

YWW^ ⎚G_G㤪G\G㧒 (2007-year 8-month 5-day)

Honorific language

Korean is an honorific language in that it has grammatical elements that are used to indicate social meanings involved in contexts such as speakers’ attitudes (e.g., respect, humility, formality) toward who they are talking to or talking about. For instance, Koreans use hierarchical address-reference terms of titles as well as various speech levels to indicate politeness, intimacy, and the formality level of discourse during interaction. In addition, they use humble person pronoun forms such as 㩖 “first person singular” and 㩖䧂 “first person plural” to indicate humility. Moreover, Koreans use honorific suffix -(㦒)㔲 and euphemistic words to indicate respect toward a sub- ject of higher social status. The following examples illustrate how Korean honorifics work:

(a) 㠊㩲G㤆ⰂG⳾㧚㠦G㢖G㭒㠊㍲GἶⰞ㤢 “(I) appreciated that you came to our meeting yesterday.” (b) 㠊㩲G㩖䧂G⳾㧚㠦G㢖G㭒㔲㠊㍲GἶⰯ㔋┞┺U “(I) appreciated that you came to our meeting yesterday.”

As seen above, the referential meanings of the two sentences are the same. However, their social meanings are different. For example, in (a), the use of the plain first person pronoun, 㤆Ⰲ, the absence of the honorific suffix

• 㔲, and the use of an intimate speech level -㠊 indicate that the speaker