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Grammar Notes for , ( 1) Pattern: for from. Here: ...from Wonsan to Songjin or Ch ngjin... ( 1) Pattern: - with or in accordance with the way one does/is. Followed here by. Here: As far as we know also,... ( 1) Pattern: Particle meaning up to, even, so far as plus postnoun outside of (a limit), (with the) exception of. (+negative) Here: At the time when cars could barely make it even as far as Younghung...
. ( 1) Pattern: - have no choice but to do (be doing) Here: ...have no choice but to go by way of the sea. ( ) ( ) ( 1) Pattern: Tedious list in - ( ) ... - ( ). The ( ) is a Japanese term maru for vessel names. Here: The Onsong-maru or the Chinju-maru, two local ships that stopped in every port. . ( 1) Pattern: - ...whether ... or ... (shows indifference toward a choice between two conflicting actions or states) Here: They were people either going to board or just having got off ships. . ... ( 1) Pattern: Noun not to mention NOUN; also NOUN, to be sure. Here: Of course the guys from the inns who rounded up travelers.... , ( 1) Pattern: From the transferentive - ( ) + the - form of to show the interruption of an action in mid-course: does a while and then stops. Here: (they) would leave their meals half-eaten or wrench themselves from a sweet sleep and... . ( 1 Pattern: - abbreviated from - makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. Here: ...would always rush out to the warf. ( 1) Pattern: From the transferentive - ( ) + the - form of to show the interruption of an action in mid-course: does a while and then stops. Here: (He) would sleep for a while under the pollack drying racks or at the edge of the boat company warehouse, and then... ( 1) Pattern: From the transferentive - ( ) + the - form of to show the interruption of
an action in mid-course: does a while and then stops. Here: (He) would go dumpster-diving at the Japanese restaurants and then,...
. ( 1) Pattern: - before ...ing. Followed by the copula. Here: ...it was even before the ship lowered it anchor. ( 1) Pattern: Noun + ( ) over. Here: even (looking) over the backs of others... ( 1) Pattern: - ( ) modifier + the time/occasion when... (usually only with descriptive verbs like the copula). Here: whenever one of the disembarking passengers was a woman... ( 1) Pattern: modifier + - ( ) ( i.e. - ( ) , - ( ) , - ;) is like, is as (if) is like, is as(if). Here: as if (he) was raising his cloudy eyes... ( 2) Pattern: - to the point where; until the point when/where; as far as... Here:... stared, turning his head till he could turn his head no more. ( 2 Pattern: - ( ) when, while, whenever from prospective modifier - ( ) + time when + - ( ). Here: whenever... he would run after the customers. ( 2) Pattern: - with or in accordance with the way one does/is. Followed here by. Here: in the view of others... ( 2) Pattern: Projective - to the point where, until (a result); so that. Here: ...to him it was to the point of making him gasp for breath. ( 2) Pattern: transferentive - ( ) - something remains left over from having been half-done. Here:... fruit left over from somebody eating it on the ship. " ." ( 2) Pattern: Dialect for. Here: ive that to me. " ?" ( 2) Pattern: Dialect for? ( = what?) Here: What? " ...." ( 2)
between/by/to) ourselves / yourselves / themselves. Here: This is what the merchant grannies would asy amoungst themselves. ' '. ( 3) Pattern: - on a form which is already passive (here - be/get called), implying that the subject/agent is either (sometimes adversely) affected by the action, and/or has no control over the action of the verb. Here: ...had come to be called Old Man An. ( 3) Pattern: -. Martin analyzes this as tentative sequential - + and gives the literal gloss together with the likely fact that = as well as, besides; admitting that; but (even so); not only ... but also.... Here on the copula ( + - - +- ). Here: Not only was it said over and over several times but... ( 3) Pattern: functioning as a fancy equivalent of = thing; fact; case. Here: ...it was the case that he could write his name and... ( 3) Pattern: - ( ) although it is (only the likes of).. .; at least, anyway; even. Here: And when it came to food and clothing, I wore decent hemp clothes and occasionally had to eat millet rice (instead of white rice)
. ( 3) Pattern: - solemn first person proclamation/declaration (usually quoted, but without - ). Here: He intoned that he didn live in need of clothes. ( 3) Pattern: - here for (or for - ). Here: Took in an indentured husband for his only daughter... ( 3) Pattern: Retrospective sequential: -. The form in - usually implies a marked or abrupt contrast between the first and second clauses: whereupon, or highlights a startling close-up. Use of - on past bases is usually reserved for first-person statements. Here: (his only daughter) had moved in with his son-in-law and then... ( 3) Pattern: - ( ). Modifier [ - , - , - , - ] + post-modifier the uncertain fact whether. When left hanging in mid-sentence, you can interpret the pattern as having left out a following ( ) : it may have been the case that or it is uncertain WH... [but...]; or perhaps because... Here: It may be that this was his fate... ( 3) Pattern: - - does all right (it is true) but; is indeed (I must admit) but. Here: She had sent one letter but... ( 3) Pattern: Projective - to the point where, until (a result); so that.
Here: After this to the point of three or four years... ( 3) Pattern: pseudo-particle - ( ) even if (it be) on. Here: (he) thought he would find his daugher, even if he had to go on foot
. ( 3) Pattern: - ( ) was about to/on the verge of. Here: He claimed he had just been about to go all the way to Ch ngjin... ( 3) Pattern: sequential - does and then... Here: having made it as far as Wonsan... ( 3) Pattern: - while...ing, during...ing. Here: during the two years which it had already become... ( 3) Pattern: - ( ) or the like, like, or something, or so; the likes of, any; at least, anyway, just (used in gently/vaguely urging)), even if it is not of particular interest. Here: He think, mightn my daughter be on this ship or maybe that ship? ( 3 Pattern: - for/from - [ ] only if it be; only if one calls it... Here: he might have called it living, but... ( 3) Pattern: - for - in accordance with [the fact that]. Here: To others... (i.e. the way others saw it.. .) ( 3) Pattern: Naked infinitive ( ). Here: It was a case of living because he couldn die. ( 3) Pattern: modifier + - ( ) is like, is as (if). Here: It seemed like it wasn the case to him. ( 3) Pattern: - - Third person sensory statement. Here: There was nothing quite so aggravating to him as that ( 3) Pattern: Postnoun: - the separate group of (like people/like (moving) things); among (or between/by/to) ourselves / yourselves / themselves. Here: (The merchant women) would sympathize amongst themselves... " ......." ( 3) Pattern: Dialect for + ( ). Here: The poor old man...
Pattern: - abbreviated from - makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. Here: ...would always feed (him) kimchee soup or something ( 4) Pattern: - ( ) or the like, like, or something, or so; the likes of, any; at least, anyway, just (used in gently/vaguely urging)), even if it is not of particular interest Here: (the days) when it poured down rain... ( 4) Pattern: - - for quoted thought. Thinking to oneself if (that maybe/perhaps...). Here: Those were indeed lonely days when it didn feel as if he were alive. ( 4) Pattern: Adverbative - on the desire to/feel like pattern in - -. Here:...in such a way that (he) wanted to fall down and kick about... ( 4) Pattern: - one feels regret or wistfullness about doing... Here:...(He) regretted that there was no place for him to rely on... ( 4) Pattern: Pseudo-particle - ( ) (1) even if (it be); (2) just, (or the ) like ( = ); or even; any, some. Here: ...even on days like these... ( 4) Pattern: modifier clause in - + - it feels/seems like, as if maybe; think to oneself that... Here: It seemed to him that he alone was seeing it... ( 5 Pattern: - ( ) (Prospective modifier + postmodifier + particle) to the extent that will do/be (= - ( ) ( ) or - ( ) ) to the extent that; enough to do, as much as necessary for doing. Here: (His stomach) would be so full he had trouble breathing. ( 5) Pattern: after.. .ing in - followed by - ( ) while being a case of... Alternatively, this is - - with - embark on; finish off doing followed by just
- ( ) while.. .ing. Here: finishing off some soup or the like that he had got... ( 5) Pattern: extended adversative - ( ) (here on copula - - ) (is/does) but anyway; however; despite (the value-detracting fact that...) on adverbative. Here: ...however vaguely it may have been... " ( 5) Pattern: Particle - ( ) only if it be. Also note dialect (?) - ( ) for as if... (not
bloody likely!) Here: the thought of s if she would feed me meat broth like they do in rich homes like this! --hardly... ( 5) Pattern: extended adversative - ( ) (here on copula - - ) (is/does) but anyway; however; despite (the value-detracting fact that...) Here: leftovers of the hoi poloi they may be, but...
. ( 5) Pattern: Causative in -. The on adds the potential for contrast (didn make him feel pessimistic, but it may have caused other emotions). Here: It didn make him have dark view ( 5) Pattern: Noun + (and) the like, (of) the sort, (and) such, et cetera. With compared to... Here: ...compared to a place like Anbyun... ( 5 Pattern: Projective: - to the point where, until (a result); so that. Here: ...would chase after until his legs hurt. , ( 5) Pattern: - ( ) ... - ( ) whether/as (showing indifference to two or more options or choices. Cf. - ...-. Here: Whether a fire broke out or a fight erupted, there was nothing to be afraid of, and... ( 5) Pattern: - ( ) on thelong negative in - wondering if perhaps/ maybe (the
- ( ) reinforces the sense of uncertainty). Here: wondering if maybe a ship might come in while he was away... ( 5) Pattern: - - not to know/ to be unaware that it is... Here: in such a way that he was unaware he had gone so far. ( 5) Pattern: - abbreviated from - makes a habit/regular practice (a regular thing) of doing it; does it from time to time. The is distributive 0 li at a stretch. Here: It was a regular thing (for him) to go ten li at a time. ( 5) Pattern: -. Literary equivalent of - (processive adjunctive + particle): 1) = - what with doing, as a result of doing, because of (doing....); 2) with the idea to do, with the intention of doing, trying to do. Technically the - (as opposed to ) is for first person, and is always quoted. Here: The peddling grannies would take them,saying, we l use these as soy sauce bottles. " ?" ( 6) Pattern: for?
Pattern: Negative preemphasis in - - showing speaker displeasure or lack of satisfaction with the negated state of affairs. Here: He was not completely at ease... ( 6) Pattern: BASE + is like, is as (if). Martin treats this as an abbreviation of the pattern where is used as a post-modifier, i.e. - ( ) , - ( ) , - ; but in any case you should keep them distinct. In the pattern here, - attaches directly to the base without any intervening modifier. Here: ...would reprove them as if they were his own kids or something. " ---? ( 7) Pattern: Dialect for -? Here: Why don you strike at times like that? ( 7) Pattern: is dialect for. Here: The fish are going to catch you.
. ( 7) Pattern: - ( ) - wish/want/desire to do... Here: (He) wanted to try it once himself. ( 7) Pattern: - ( ) the or one time/occasion when...; one time when (sets up an nded up .. .ing pattern in the following clause). Here: one time when he attempted to realize this desire.. .(he ended up getting caught) ( 7 Pattern: Adverb presaging some development, which is often indicated with -. Here: Ended up getting himself caught for stealing a fishing rod from the front of a shop owned by a Japanese person. ( 7) Pattern: -. Literary equivalent of - (processive adjunctive + particle): 1) = - what with doing, as a result of doing, because of (doing....); 2) with the idea to do, with the intention of doing, trying to do. Technically the - (as opposed to ) is for first person, and is always quoted. is the adverbative - from - good. nice. Here: ...with the intention of escaping a good face slapping... ( 7) Pattern: abbreviated from. Here: From Wonsan. ( 7) Pattern: Indirect quotation + ( ) shall we say... ?, might one call it.. .? Here: shall we call it a case of urning sorrow to fortune B ( 7) Pattern: Postnoun during, while, in, within
Here: Mrs. B future old folks home that was in the middle of being planned... , ( 7) Pattern: - = -. In mid-sentence, - is equivalent to (and derived from) - , but with a literary fluorish and a sense of insistence and/or emphasis. Here: A man with consumption who was seven years or so (his) senior, and also... ( 7) Pattern: for. Here: the other age... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: ...had to go to bed at a certain time, and get up at a certain time... ( 7 Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: had to take turns cleaning the room and the garden... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: had to brush their teeth... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: had to catch lice in (his) clothes... ( 7) Pattern: - outside of (except for) - ing. Here: ...outside of going to and from the worship hall... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: absolutely could not go out... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: couldn smoke or drink... ( 7) Pattern: - ( ). Thou shalt... Used to intone injunctions, commandments, and other stern-sounding orders or rules, usually in writing. Here: couln touch the (fruit trees or flowers)... ( 7)
second clauses: whereupon, or highlights a startling close-up. Use of - on past bases is usually reserved for first-person statements. Here: ...chatted amongst themselves and then... ( 8) Pattern: abbreviated from. Here: (She) came from Shanghai... ( 8) Pattern: - ( ) + verb of thinking. This pattern has the same sense as, and is related to, the pattern in tentative sequential - (with the likely fact or reason that) + verb of quotation says/thinks) that [quote] is most likely the case that, is probably the case that... Martin explains this latter ending as an old-fashioned equivalent of - , in which case this sentence could be paraphrased as.. .. The main difference between the patterns with - ( ) and - is that the former is explicitly forward- looking/future in meaning, being in origin a combination of the prospective modifier
- ( ) + the quasi-free noun thing + - : *-( ) → *( ) →
- ( ) , with the loss of after typical of an earlier stage of Korean. Here: (He) waited thinking that (surely/likely) she would give the three of them their share of the money. ( 8) Pattern: - ( ) unable to complete the original action, with transferentive - ( ) does/ did (is/was) and then; does/did (is/was) but; when emphasizing a shift of place, purpose, direction, benefit, etc. in the action occuring. Here: ...waited and then couldn wait any more... ( 8 Pattern: Retrospective sequential: -. The form in - usually implies a marked or abrupt contrast between the first and second clauses: whereupon, or highlights a startling close-up. Use of - on past bases is usually reserved for first-person statements. Here: ...asked the servant, whereupon... ( 8) Pattern: - ( ) for - ( ) while, at the same time. Here: Laughed as he slapped his knee. " ." ( 8) Pattern: dialect (?) - ( ) for as if... (not bloody likely!) Here: As if a living person wouldn have somewhere to spend money -- yeah, right! ? ( 8) Pattern: abbreviated from. Here: Where would you use the money in here? ( 8) Pattern: Time word + particle only after(marks passage of time) Here: After some while... ( 8) Pattern: Noun1 ( ) Noun2. More as N2 than as N1; more as what you would call N
than N1. Here: more than answering he sort of (mumbled) to himself... ( 8) Pattern: Dialect for. Here: ...sure enough... ( 8) Pattern: for (from + - ). Here: I just waiting for the day I die. ( 9) Pattern: - ( ) from - ( ) ( ) which one had been about to or on the verge of... Here: Thoughts of his daughter which he was about to give up on... ( 9) Pattern: modifier + ( ) like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though. Here: ...like fire rising... ( 9) Pattern: Presumably, - is a dialect curse. Here: Damnit! ! ( 9) Pattern: is dialect for. Here: Who knows... my daughter could have come on a ship. B ( 9) Pattern: Note the now rare use of past modifier - ( ) on -. Here: The fact of his having come and stayed at Mrs. B. ( 9) Pattern: - ( ) the more (better, bigger, etc.) ... the more... Here: The more he thought about it, the more he regretted it. " " ( 9) Pattern: - ( ) is a more colloquial equivalent to -. Here: I can take it like this anymore. ( 9) Pattern: - ( ) ( ) as long as one is going to...(one should rather...) Here: As long as I am going to live in the debt of others... ! ( 9) Pattern: - ( ) although it is...; at least, anyway; even. Here: I should eat by sponging off everybody equally! (lit.: in a fair and equal fashion or so) ( 9) Pattern: have to pattern in -. This is a dialect equivalent of standard -. Here: One experience must be broad.
Pattern: Time word + Particle: only after. (marks passage of time) Here: Only after some time... ( 10) Pattern: - for - ( ) because it is/was. Here:Because it was still early evening... ( 10 ) Pattern: - ( ) saying to oneself (somewhat facetiously or in a way that seems comical or unfitting to onlookers) that it is... Here: as if to say hese are my things... ( 10 ) Pattern: - - do/be only... Here: those whom he had done nothing but despise... ( 10 ) Pattern: modifier + ( ) like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though. Here: seemed to have kindred feelings for...
. ( 10 ) Pattern: Passive implying lack or loss of control. Here: Couldn bring himself to grab hold of the doorknob. " ?" ( 10 ) Pattern: is dialect for , and is dialect for (in some Korean dialects, questions containing WH-words take - or - instead of - or -. Here: If these aren corpses, then what are they? ( 10 ) Pattern: Third person sensory verb in - -. Here: feeling this kind of compassion... ( 10 ) Pattern: modifier + ( ) like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though. Here: as if exercising some great kindness... ( 10 ) Pattern: - the quoted copula (-( ) [ ] + even considering that; even if one concedes that... Here: Even though it was early fall... ( 10 ) Pattern: modifier + ( ) like, as, giving the appearance of ...; appearing (to be), looking (like); seeming as if; as if/though. Here: Seeming excited...
