Lengua inglesa: morphemes, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

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LENGUA

INGLESA I

2. MORPHEMES

LEXEME

GRAMMATICAL WORD

WORD-FORM

I usually cut the bread on the table

• Lexeme???
• Grammatical word???
• Word-form???

I usually cut the bread on the table

LEXEME : CUT

WORD-FORM : cut

GRAMMATICAL WORD : cut [verb, present

tense, non-third person]

Yesterday I cut the bread in the sink

cut [verb, past tense]

• MORPHEME: The smallest unit in language having

either semantic content or grammatical function.

• MORPH: The physical representation of a

morpheme.

• ALLOMORPH: different morphs that represent a

single morpheme. Also called “Alternants”

DEFINITIONS…

ABSTRACT ENTITY

PHYSICAL REALISATION

Lexeme Morpheme

Word-form Morph

Classification of morphemes

FREE book, man, a, the…

BOUND -er, -s, in- , vis- (visual, vision)

ROOT

AFFIX

(position)

(function)

Prefix re- Infix (Arabic lg) Suffix -ly Inflectional

Derivational

EXERCISE

(Inflectional morphology)

• Have a look at the following words and identify all possible inflectional morphemes in English. Draw conclusions about: - the position of inflectional morphemes, - how they alter the input word, - the kind of information they add.

Books

Sleeps

Walked

Walking

Taller

Tallest

Janet’s

-Inflectional affixes in English are only suffixes.

• They add grammatical info: input output
  • plural, N N
  • 3rd p.sing, V V
  • past tense, V V
  • progressive, V V
  • comparative, A A
  • superlative, A A
  • genitive. N N
• They do not alter the word-class of the input word. -They are general and predictable

Study the words below and identify the morpheme that has been added. What type of morpheme is it? Do you notice anything special? Person – personal Philosophy - philosophical Sense – sensual

noun + - al = adjective Derivational suffix

-u- EMPTY MORPH

or FORMATIVE

EXERCISE

Study the following sentences:

• I ducked
• Two ducks
• He ducks
• Three ducklings
• You are ducking the issue

Identify the suffixes and answer the following questions: -What type of suffix are they?

• What is the word-class of the input and the output words?

EXERCISE

Enlarge Encage Endanger Enrich

• What type of affix is en-?
• What is the word-class of the base it is attached to?
• What is the word-class of the output word?
• What is the meaning of the affix? en- + adjective
  “to make” en- + noun
  “to put into” We find formal difference that correlates with a semantic difference, as well. We conclude that there are two different prefixes HOMOPHONOUS PREFIXES

EXERCISE Irregular morphs

Can you divide these words into smaller units?

Can you identify morphemes?

Feet

Two sheep

Swam

Saw

Went

Yesterday I hit the table

MUTATION

GRADATION

SUPPLETION

ZERO MORPH

ZERO MORPH

GRADATION