¡Descarga MID TERM ANSWER KEY 2016 y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity!
Page 1
GRAMÁTICA INGLESA II
CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT TEST - APRIL 2016
SAMPLE ANSWER KEY
1. Define the following and illustrate extensively with examples (4/10)
Defining features of Predicative Complements (2/10)
Central character: Obligatoriness
Not verb-related. Two types:
Subject-oriented: (Predicative) Subject Complement (Cs): He is a liar
Object-oriented: (Predicative) Object Complement (Co): They consider her the best candidate
Position: After P or after OD
Agreement with S or OD when realized by NP: She is my sister / They are my sisters
Case when realized by personal pronouns: Formal: nominative; informal: accusative: The best candidate is he (/ him )
Semantic roles: Attribute: Characterizing or Identifying; Current or Resulting.
Semantic roles of OD (1/10)
Material Processes: AFFECTED e.g. ( 1 ) The Mercedes hit Larry Lamb
EFFECTED e.g. ( 2 ) He brewed a cup of tea
COGNATE e.g. ( 3 ) Pavarotti sang an aria
EVENTIVE e.g. ( 4 ) He gave the door three kicks
( 5 ) They fought a long fight
( 6 ) They had a long fight
INSTRUMENTAL e.g. ( 7 ) We employ a computer for our calculations
LOCATIVE e.g. ( 8 ) The cops occupied the court room
TEMPORAL e.g. ( 9 ) We spent three years in Paris
Verbal SAID (“VERBIAGE”)e.g. (10) She told me a lie
Mental Processes: PHENOMENON e.g. (11) I heard an explosion
(12) I love fish and chips
Relational Processes: POSSESSED e.g. (13) She has beautiful green eyes
Ditransitive patterns (1/10)
- S P Oi Od Realizations: NP as both Oi and Od: They gave John a surprise
Other realizations of OD:
- That-cl: She told me that she had been ill. - wh -Cl .: Adela asked Ronald what time the trial would be - to -inf : The barrister counseled the defendant to plead guilty.
Other realizations of OI:. PP as Oi, that - Cl. as Od : He wrote to me that his daughter had married a famous Soviet orchestra conductor
2. S P Od Oi Realizations: NP as Od, PP as Oi : She cooked dinner for me, Can I ask a favour of you 3. Prepositiona Ditransitive: S P Oi OP Realizations: NP as Oi, PP as Op:. We reminded him of his promise
Some verbs allow the three possibilities: e.g. She told me the truth, She told the truth to me, S he told me about the truth
Some special cases: Non-Prepositional/Prepositional Objects With no change in the order of complements: I envied him his freedom S P Oi Od - > I envied him for his freedom S P ??Od/Oi ??A/Od I can’t forgive him his lies S P Oi Od - > I can’t forgive him for his lies ??Od/Oi ??A/Od
With change in the order of complements and different prepositions He supplies arms to the rebels S P Od Oi - > He supplies the rebels with arms S P Oi Od He blamed the accident on Kim S P Od Oi - > He blamed Kim for the accident S P Oi Od
Page 2
Defining features of Objects (2/10)
- Central character: obligatory nature with verbs that require them: they appear with ‘transitive’ verbs, ie, verbs which, because of their meaning, imply more than one participant in the event described by the verb.
- Position: Iimmediately after the verb, from which they cannot be separated by other less central constituents, such as Adverbials: John cleaned his room carefully, *John cleaned carefully his room).
- Formal realization: NP, Nom.Cl or PP: Tony likes violent videogames; I told her that I had no idea; They blamed John for the accident
- Form: The Object of a verb is formally indicated by so-called ‘accusative’ or ‘objective’ case forms in those words, such as personal pronouns, which are able to show case contrasts (She saw me, but I didn’t see her).
- Typical syntactic property of Objects in active sentences: they can become the subject of the corresponding passive sentence: The kids broke the glass → The glass was broken by the kids; They gave her a new computer → She was given a new computer However: • not all verbs requiring an object can be passivized: I want an ice-cream → *An ice-cream is wanted by me.; Prepositional and clausal objects do not normally passivize.
- Semantically, Objects typically refer to entities more or less directly affected one way or another by the action denote by the verb and can receive a number of specific semantic roles: Affected, Effected, Instrument, Phenomenon, etc.: y the verb: I deleted the message accidentally, She wrote a letter to the Head of Department.
Mental Processes: Definition, types, roles or participants (1/10)
- Processes of ‘thinking’, ‘feeling’, or ‘sensing’: In contrast with from material processes, which imply an idea of ‘doing’ something, mental processes imply the idea of ‘experiencing’ something.
- Main types: Perception (see, smell, hear, feel, etc) with two sub-types: volitional and non-volitional; Cognition (know, think, believe, understand, etc); Affection (love, loathe, dread, like, etc)
- Main participants: Experiencer: Animated/human participant who consciously or unconsciously experiences some kind of emotion, perception or cognition; Phenomenon: what is perceived/felt/thoughg by the Experiencer; can be a physical, concrete
- Typical combinations of participants:
Experiencer Mental Process Phenonomenon S P OD The University needs you. She likes her new iPhone. I think you’re right. Patterns with Adverbial Complements (also known as “Obligatory Adverbials”) (1/10)
A is a typically optional constituent, but there are at least 3 patterns where it is an obligatory constituent, which has been described as an Obligatory Adverbial or Adverbial Complement:
- Adverbial Intensive pattern: She is in Rome
- Adverbial Intransitive pattern: They went to the park
- Adverbial Complex Transitive pattern: I put my books on the shelf.
Objects and complements: differences and similarities. (2/10) Similarities:
- both are central, rather obligatory constituents of the clause, required by their respective Predicators.
- Both appear after the Predicator in basic clauses.
- Both can be realized typically by NPs and nominal clauses and less typically by PP
- Both can appear in accusative case when realized by personal pronouns.
Differences:
- Only complements can be realized by AdjP
- Only complements agree in number with their Subjects or Objects when realized by NPs
- Only complements appear in nominative case in formal English
- Objects identify Participants; Complements identify Attributes of participants.
Page 4
S P OD
EXP. MENT.AFF.PR. PHEN She likes being told how intelligent she is.
Semantic role PHENOMENON She loves alternative punk music
Semantic role FORCE The earthquake destroyed the amusement park.
Yes/No Interrogative Clause as Complement of Adjective I am not sure whether she is attending the meeting
Ditranstive Prepositional Pattern They blame the accident on the poor weather conditions.
Adverbial Complex-Transitive Pattern Put your hands where I can see them
S P AC EV REL. PR. LOC The exam in the Room #
S P Od PHEN MENT.P. EXP The movie disgusted everyone.
Existential process There is a war between the rich and the poor.
Complex Intransitive Pattern He died single.
PP as Cs We are under a lot of pressure.
Page 5
3. Attempt a full analysis of the following sentences, providing a tree diagram to show constituents. Here you have some indications to proceed with the analysis: i) Identify clause constituents and the linguistic units that realize them. ii) Identify semantic roles of the clause constituents in bold. iii) Comment on any aspect that you consider relevant for your analysis. ( 4 / 1 0) It was not immediately clear whether Chrissie was telling us the truth. (1/10) i)
ii) was telling: Verbal material process Chrissie: Sayer (‘Verbal Agent’) Us: Verbal recipient The truth: Said (‘Verbiage’)
iii) Intensive pattern with extraposed subject replaced in subject position by ‘anticipatory it’: the Subject can be taken back to its original Subject postion: Whether Crissie was telling the truth was not immediately clear The extraposed subject is realized by a Yes/no interrogative clause introduced by subordinator whether , which alternates in this function with if ; sometimes ‘or not’ is added either at the end of the clause or immediately after whether.
Page 7
We would like her to pay attention to these matters / We told her to concentrate on these matters (2/10) i)
ii) Like: Mental, Afffection Process We: Experiencer Her to pay attention…: Phenomenon Told: Material, Verbal Process We: Agent, Sayer Her: Verbal Recipient To concentrate….: Said (‘Verbiage’)
Pay attention and Concentrate are both Mental, Cognition Processes
iii)The two clauses are superficially alike: both contain a main transitive verb (like, tell) followed by a Non-Tensed to-inf.Cl and a so-called intervening NP. However, on closer inspection the two clauses turn out to have rather different patterns: the first one is Monotransitive and the intervening NP is just the Subject of the Subordinate clause functioning as OD; in the second one the intervening NP is a constituent of the main clause, the OI, and the OD is just the to-inf clause, whose subject is somehow “retrieved” semantically from the OI in the main clause. Tests to prove this:
Passsivization of to-inf cl: possible witout change of meaning in the first case; imposible in the second: a) We would like these matters to be paid attention to (by her) or We would like attention to be paid to theses matters (by her) b) *We told these matters to be concentrated on (by her)
Replacement of N+Non-fin cl by pronoun ( it, that) : possible in the first case; impossible in the second: a) We would like it/that b) *We told it/that (but: We told her that)
Replacement by Finite complement: in the first case it must include the intervening NP; in the second case it must exclude it: a) We would like [that she paid attention to these matters] (cf: *We would like her [that she paid attention to these matters]) b) *We told [that she should concentrate on these matters] (cf. We told her [that she should concentrate on these matters])
Deletion of intervening NP: possible in the first case, impossible in the second a) We would like to pay attention to these matters b) *We told to concentrate on these matters
CONCLUSION: All the tests show that in the first example the intervening NP forms a single constituent with the following to-inf clause and that they together are the OD of the main verb; in the second example, on the other hand, the intervening NP and the to-inf cl. are separate constituents: both are objects of the main main: the intervening NP is OI and the to-inf cl is OD.
Since “her” is an Object only in the second example, it can only become a Passive subject in that example: a) *She would be liked to pay attention…. b) She was told to concentrate…
Subordinate to-inf clause are also structurally different: “pay attention to these matters” is a ditransitive pattern in the prepositional version, which is much more frequent than the non-prepositional with the verbal periphrasis “pay attention” (eg: They didn’t pay me much attention); “concentrate on these matters” is a prepositional monotransitive pattern: “concentrate” always requires its object to be introduced by the proposition “on”.
Page 8
It was impossible that anyone could have torn out a brick through the wallpaper. (1/10)
i)
ii) impossible: Current characterizing attribute a brick: affected
iii) Intensive pattern with extraposed subject replaced in subject position by ‘anticipatory it’. The extraposed subject can be taken back to its original subject position: That anyone... ‘Though the wallpaper’ is not strictly required by the verb and is thus analysed as A rather than AC.
Page 10
I regret to tell you this story because you’re not going to like it / I regret telling you that story because it scared you. (2/10) i)
ii) you: Verbal recipient it: Phenomenon (‘scared’: mental process)
iii) Same syntactic pattern. Semantic difference related to the complementation of ‘regret’ by means of to-inf clause or – ing-clause: in the first case, the to-inf clause has potential meaning and future time orientation: refers to an action that hasn’t happened yet but is about to happen: the speaker regrets what he is about to do; in the second example, the – ing-clause has factual meaning and past time orientation: it refers to an action that has already happened (‘I told you the story’) and now I regret that I did it.
Both subordinate adverbial clauses contained mental processes of affection/emotion (‘like’ and ‘scare’) but the distribution of the semantic roles of participants is reversded: In the first subordinate adverbial clause (You are not going to like it) the Subject has the role of Experiencer and the Od is the Phenomenon; in the second one (‘it scared you’) is just the opposite: the Subject is Phenomenon and the Object is Experiencer.
Page 11
It is hard to think that the author intended the reader to find the book boring. (2/10) i)
ii) the author: Experiencer (‘intend’: mental process (‘have the intention, want’) the reader: Experiences (‘find’: mental process - > ‘think that…’ the book: Phenomenon
iii) Intensive clause pattern with extraposed subject anticipated by ‘it’. The extraposed Subject is realized by a that clause with a monotransitive pattern that includes an OD realized by a to-inf clause. Since we have the sequence VP + NP + to inf, we must apply criteria to determine whether this is a monotransitive, ditransitive or complex-transitive pattern:
Passsivization of to-inf cl: possible witout change of meaning: The author intended the book to be found boring by the reader.
Replacement of N+Non-fin cl by pronoun ( it, that) is possible: The author intended that.
Replacement by Finite complement: itt must include the intervening NP: The author intended that reader found the book boring; impossible is intervening NP is left outside: *The author intended the reader that he found the book boring
Deletion of intervening NP: The author intended to find the book boring
CONCLUSION: All the tests show that the intervening NP forms a single constituent with the following to-inf clause and that they together are the OD of the main verb, so that the pattern of the verb ‘intend’ is monotransitive.
“The reader” can be considered a “raised Object”, that is a pseudo-object of the verb ‘inted’ (the real Object is the whole clause) since it has object-like properties: if realized by a personal pronoun it would take accusative case: The author intended him/them/us to find the book boring; and it can become a Subject if the main verb is passive: “The reader was intended to find the book boring”.
