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Unit 2 VERB COMPLEMENTATION Set readings 2.1. Types of Predicate (^) Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16. 2 - 14; 16.38- 41 2.2. Intensive Complementation 2.3. Transitive Complementation Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16. 14 - 23 ; 16.3 1 - 37; 16.2 4 - 30 2.4. Intransitive Patterns Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) section 16. 11
2.1. Types of predicate [Cf. Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16.2-14; 16.38-41]
Clause Pattern Name Example S P (Pure) Intransitive The building collapsed
S P ACs
S Pi ACs Adverbial Intransitive We went to Rome S Pc ACs Adverbial Intensive/Copulative Their house is near the park
S P Cs
S Pc Cs (Pure or Predicative) Intensive/Copulative
You are very smart
S Pi Cs Complex Intransitive He arrived sober S P Od Monotransitive They’ve bought a new house
S P O O S P Oi Od^ Ditransitive I sent her a post-card SP Od Oi I sent a post-card to her S P O Co Complex Transitive The jury found him guilty S P O ACo Adverbial Complex Transitive He put his coat on the table Table 1. Basic Clause Patterns (unmarked combinations of obligatory elements)
Marginal S P O Cs e.g. They served the coffee blindfolded She made him a good wife S P OI OD Co e.g. They served us our coffee black
Derived Clause Patterns: marked combinations of obligatory elements as a result of syntactic transformations: Passive e.g. They haven’t published his new book (SPO) His new book has not been published (SP) Interr.Cl. formation: e.g. I sent her a post-card (SPOiOd) What did you send her? (OdPSPOi) Fronting e.g. I don’t like beans (SPO) Beans I don’t like (OSP) Clefting e.g. The Jury found the President guilty (SPOCo) It was the President that the Jury found guilty (S PCsS [SP(O)Co]) …
Verbs with multiple patterns of complementation
DRIVE e.g. She was driving her new car MAKE e.g. She made him a good husband Don’t drink and drive She made (him) a good wife He drives me crazy She made (him) a teddy-bear
2.2. Intensive complementation (Pc + Cs/ACs) and complex-intransitive complementation [Cf. Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16.2-14; 16.38- 41 ]
Clause Pattern Name Example S Pc Cs S Pc Cs [AP/Ind NP] Ascriptive or characterizing intensive const. She is very nice/a nice girl S Pc Cs [Def NP] Equative or identifying intensive const. She is my sister S Pc ACs [PP] Adverbial intensive construction Their house is near the park
S Pi Cs Complex intransitive He arrived sober Table 2. Intensive and Complex Intransitive complementation
Intensive verbs Stative be ( seem , look , appear , remain , keep , stay , feel , sound , smell , taste , make up ) Dynamic become ( turn ( into , out ), go , get , fall , come , end up , grow , prove )
Realization of Cs NP e.g. Mortimer seems an unlikely candidate for Mayor Betty remains the only woman astronaut in the programme
PP e.g. They are in love / under arrest / out of breath / in good health The plane from Iceland is on time She served as treasurer
AP Cf. Quirk et al. (1985) 16.70-82.
Adj + PP : angry , glad , happy , mad , worried , pleased about … angry , brilliant , good , terrible , pleased , delighted at … afraid , ashamed , capable , fond , full , glad , proud , convinced , scared , tired of … dependent , keen , reliant , based , bent on / upon … different , distant , free , remote from … close , liable , due , similar , inclined , allied , opposed to … angry , busy , familiar , uneasy , annoyed , concerned , obsessed , pleased with … interested , confident in …
Adj + to -inf: there are different constructions where an adjective is followed by a to -infinitive clause; although all of them are superficially alike, they turn out to be quite different on closer inspection:
1. Ed was keen to see the manuscript a. The (understood) subject of the infinitive is recovered from the subject of the superordinate clause. b. The adjective expresses a 2-place semantic predicate ("x was keen for x to see the manuscript, for x=Ed). c. A new subject can be introduced by for in the infinitive clause: e.g. Ed was keen for Jane to see the manuscript. d. There are not alternative structures with the infinitive as subject: e.g. * (For Ed) to see the manuscript was keen or with an extraposed that -clause e.g. * It was keen that Ed saw the manuscript e. Adjectives in this construction: eager , reluctant , glad , sorry , able , hesitant 2. Ed was likely to see the manuscript a. The (understood) subject of the infinitive is recovered from the subject of the superordinate clause. b. The adjective expresses a one-place semantic predicate: e.g. cf That Ed saw the manuscript was likely. c. The infinitive cannot contain an overt subject e.g. * Ed was likely for me to see the manuscript. d. There is an alternative construction with anticipatory it and extraposed that -clause: e.g. It was likely that Ed saw the manuscript. e. Adjectives in this construction: certain , sure , likely
Other copular verbs (e.g. become , seem , sound ) accept Cs but not ACs He became anxious *He became in the city centre
Adverbial Complements tend to be semantically locative (temporal or spatial), but they can have other ‘circumstantial’ roles: PURPOSE The sandwiches are for the trip MEANS Payment is by credit card only RECIPIENT This book is for you AGENT The film was by a famous actor
The S Pi Cs [‘Complex Intransitive’] Pattern: S P Cs He arrived sober The lecturer fell silent
Matthews (1980: 41-49) rejects the intensive analysis for this type of examples, arguing that the verb is more than a mere copula and should thus be treated as an intransitive verb with subject-oriented complementation, hence the term “complex intransitive” by parallelism with the “complex transitive” construction: e.g. He died a poor man They married young He came in drunk They parted good friends The milk turned sour
2.3 Transitive Complementation [Cf. Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16.14-23; 16.31-37; 16.24- 30 ]
Monotransitive : S P Od e.g. They’ve bought a new house Realization of Od NP : The policeman arrested the burglar → The burglar was arrested by the police Problem cases: a. Extent, measure, and ‘middle’ verbs: Extent e.g. He ran a mile Measure e.g. The book costs ten dollars It weighed almost a ton ‘Middle’ e.g. They have a small house Denis lacks confidence b. Prepositional verbs: (see Quirk et al. 1985: 16:28-29 for combinations of V + Prep) with passivization: e.g. They objected to the plan → The plan was objected to John searched for the key → The key was searched for without passivization: e.g. The book belongs to John This reminds me of my school days A rabbit darted across the tennis court She slipped into her dressing gown Finite Cl. : a. that- Cl. e.g. I think ( that ) you're right
Main Verb Mood in that - cl. Factual agree admit claim declare insist report …
Indicative e.g. He admitted that he was guilty They declared that they were innocent
PASSIVIZATION
Suasive command demand determine insist order recommend request require …
Putative should e.g. John recommends that we should go People are demanding that he should leave Mandative subjunctive e.g. People are demanding that she leave immediately They recommend that you be here tomorrow Indicative (only Br.E.) e.g. People are demanding that she leaves I suggest that she return immediately
Emotive deplore marvel regret rejoice wonder …
Indicative e.g. I regret that she worries about it Putative should e.g. He deplored that I should feel that way I regret that she should not be ready yet
Hypothetical suppose wish would rather …
Hypothetical past / were subjunctive e.g. I wish you were here Suppose one of us died I’d rather you didn’t mention the price Table 3. Mood in that -cl. conditioned by verb in main clause
b. Interr. Cl.: Yes/No Type e.g. They could not confirm whether the plan had landed Wh -Type e.g. I wonder where I put my glasses c. Nom. Rel. Cl.: e.g. I don’t remember what she said
Non-Finite Cl .: a. To- inf. Cl.: e.g. I hope/intend to win b. -ing Cl.: e.g. I enjoy/dislike walking in the rain
Without intervening subject With intervening subject To - inf Jack hates to miss the train Jack hates her to miss the train
- ing Jack hates missing the train Jack hates her missing the train Table 4. Od realized by Non-Finite Cl. with and without intervening subject (Cf. Quirk et al. 1985: 16.38-42 for verbs which allow each of these constructions)
Contrast and choice between to -inf and -ing as O: General contrast: to - inf expresses ‘potentiality’ for action (future time orientation, hypothetical/non-factual contexts): e.g. She hoped to learn French I’d like to go for a walk -ing expresses actual performance of action, habitual/timeless reference: e.g. She enjoyed learning French I like going for a walk in the morning Particular contrasts: REGRET e.g. I regret to tell you that John stole it / I regret telling you that John stole it REMEMBER e.g. I remembered to fill out the form / I remembered filling out the form FORGET e.g. I forgot to go to the bank / I forgot going to the bank TRY e.g. I tried to send her flowers / I tried sending her flowers BEGIN e.g. He began to open the window / He began opening the window START e.g. He started to speak ( but had to stop ) / He started speaking ( and went on hours / and then draw a picture and then… ) STOP e.g. I stopped to smoke a cigarette (S P A) / I stopped smoking (S P O)
‘Catenative’ verbs
b. BNon-Prepositional/Prepositional Objects With no change in the order of complements I envied him his freedom S P Oi Od I envied him for his freedom S P ??Od/Oi ??A/Od I can’t forgive him his lies S P Oi Od I can’t forgive him for his lies ??Od/Oi ??A/Od With change in the order of complements and different prepositions He supplies arms to the rebels S P Od Oi He supplies the rebels with arms S P Oi Od He blamed the accident on Kim S P Od Oi He blamed Kim for the accident S P Oi Od (cf. She sprayed paint onto the wall S P Od A She sprayed the wall with paint S P ??Od/Oi A She loaded hay onto the cart S P Od A She loaded the cart with hay S P ??Od/Oi A)
Complex-transitive : S P O Co e.g. I find him interesting
Realization of Co : a. AP e.g. I like my coffee hot (CURRENT) Her cries drive me mad (RESULTING) b. NP e.g. They elected him president c. PP e.g. They consider him ( as ) a genius We accept him as our leader d. -ed participle causative verbs e.g. I had my watch repaired volitional verbs e.g. I want / need the work done perceptual verbs e.g. I heard my name announced
Adverbial Complex Transitive : S P O ACo e.g. He put his coat on the table
Significant degree of overlap between verbs taking both a Co and an ACo: Co ACo I kept it handy I kept it in the drawer He drove them mad He drove them to the bank They left me unmoved They left me in the waiting-room They got me angry They got to the shore He went mad He went to hospital
Other copular verbs (e.g. call , make , render ) accept Co but not ACo: They called him stupid / *They called him in the wrong team She made him happy / * She made him onto the platform
2.4. Intransitive Patterns [Cf. Greenbaum & Quirk (1990) sections 16. 11 ]
Pure Intransitive : S P e.g. The building collapsed a. Verbs which never take an object e.g. die , disappear , happen , rise… b. Verbs which are typically transitive but can be used without an object (i.e. intransitively) without change of meaning e.g. approach , drink , drive , help , leave , play , win… They are eating prawns They are eating/I haven’t eaten yet He teaches chemistry He’s teaching I’m reading a novel I can’t read She smokes cigars Do you smoke?
c. Verbs which are typically transitive and can be used without an object but altering the semantic relationship between subject and verb (ergative and middle verbs) e.g. open , begin , change , close , sink... John broke the vase The vase broke It is easy to translate Greek Greek translates easily d. Verbs which are typically intransitive but can be used with an object assuming a causative meaning e.g. to run the water (‘cause the water to run’) to march the prisoners to walk the dog to fly a kite
Adverbial Intransitive : S P AC e.g. We went to Rome
a. The Adverbial Complement is typically locative (spatial or temporal): e.g. We are now living in a small village Sam is staying at a nearby hotel The road begins in Denver All roads lead to Rome The meeting started at five b. Transitive / Adverbial Intransitive pairs: With same subject e.g. They shot him They shot at him She climbed the tree She climbed up the tree We swam the river We swam across the river They were speaking French They were speaking in French With the object of the transitive becoming the subject of the intransitive e.g. The sun radiates heat Heat radiates from the sun His wound was oozing blood Blood was oozing from his wound The reforms will benefit women Women will benefit from the reforms
