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TASK 1.1 ANSWER KEY
1. Using the example below,
We should go back to Orwell’s books and see if what he wrote says anything to us now.
1.i. Find 10 examples of grammatical units below the clause and specify their rank (morpheme, word, phrase)
1.1. - We: Noun Phrase
1.2. - Should go: Verb Phrase
1.3. - To Orwell’s books: Prepositional phrase 4
- Orwell’s: Genitive Phrase
5. - Now: Adverbial phrase
UNIT 1
8. - Back: word
9. - Anything: word
10 - And: Word
1.ii. Identify all clauses and sentences.
Sentences: - We should go back to Orwell’s books and see if what he wrote says anything to us now
Clauses: - We should go back to Orwell’s books
• [We should] see if what he wrote says anything to us now
• If what he wrote says anything to us now
• What he wrote
1.iii. Determine whether clauses are ‘basic’ or ‘non-basic’. Clauses:
- We should go back to Orwell’s books: BASIC
• [We should] see if what he wrote says anything to us now: NON BASIC
• If what he wrote says anything to us now: NON BASIC
• What he wrote: NON BASIC
2. Basic vs Non-Basic Clauses: transform each of the basic clauses below into two non-basic ones and specify the
aspect/feature that makes them non-basic.
Basic clauses Non-Basic clauses
1. She was pale a) How pale she was! (Mood: Exclamative vs declarative)
1.b. I told her that she was pale (Grammatical status: Dependent/Subordinate clause)
2. Work is a four-letter word a)Is work a four-letter word?( Mood: interrogative vs
declarative)
1.c. Don’t say that work is a four-letter word( Grammatical status:
Dependent/ Subordinate clause)
3. He faced the truth a)He didn’t face the truth (Marked for polarity)
1.d. The truth had been faced by him(Passive clause/neutral word order)
4. She’s leaving home a)It’s her who is leaving home ( Cleft/Neutral
word order) b)Is she leaving home? ( Mood:Interrogative vs declarative)
5. They called off the party a)She told me that they called off the party (Grammatical
status: Dependent/ Subordinate clause)
1.e. It was them who called off the party (Neutral word order/ cleft)
6. He wrote the book in Paris a)I think that he wrote his book in Paris (Dependent/
Subordinate clause)
1.f. It was in Paris that he wrote the book (Cleft/ Neutral word order)
3. Give the basic clause of each of the following non-basic clauses and specify the dimension of contrast:
3.1. Did Kim write the letter herself?
Kim wrote the letter herself (mood: declar. from interrogative)
3.2. The man who came to dinner stole the silver
The man came to dinner (independent clause from subord.)
from subord.))
3.6. I certainly have.
I certainly have done it. (ellipsis)
3.7. To know her is to love
her. I love her. (from non-finite)
4. Clause elements: using the clauses below as corpus, indicate at least 3 defining features for each of the main clause elements.
3.8. She doesn’t really like French movies
3.9. Cheetahs are the fastest animals in the world
3.10. I haven’t sent Chris a letter in years
3.11. We were in a meeting all morning with Barbara
3.12. The boy lives in Washington now
3.13. He really told his father the truth
3.14. I’d have called him a liar for sure
3.15. Here I find you in some dark plot against me
3.16. They made her this incredible offer
3.17. So that made her popular
3.18. Mi dislike of the man returned
3.19. Taco is really a smart dog
3.20. Some guy died at twenty of a heart attack
3.21. Just give them hot chocolate
3.22. The gallery became a reality in June
3.23. He considered it a dumb question
3.24. During her short life, her two sisters bought her a small teddy bear
3.25. The Portuguese named the place Bom Bahia for its harbour
3.26. She went crazy out in L.A. for a few months back in 1987
3.27. This is for the manager, and remember that the meeting is at five.
3.28. I reckon being ill as one of the greatest pleasures of life, provided one is not too ill and is not obliged to work till one is better.
(Samuel Butler, The Way of All Flesh ).
3.29. One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas. How he got in my pajamas, I don't know. (Groucho Marx, Animal Crackers )
3.30. Don’t go into Mr McGregor’s garden: your father had an accident there and he was put in a pie by Mrs McGregor. (Beatrix Potter,
The Tales of Peter Rabbit )
3.31. England is not a bad country… It’s just a mean, cold, ugly, divided, tired, clapped-out, post-imperial slag-heap covered in
polystyrene hamburger cartons. (Margaret Drabble, A Natural History )
3.32. Life was a funny thing that happened to me on the way to the grave. (Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant )
3.33. As soon as I stepped out of my mother’s womb onto dry land, I realized that I had made a mistake – that I shouldn’t have come,
but the trouble with children is that they are not returnable.. (Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant )
3.34. If this was adulthood, the only improvement she could detect in her situation was that now she could eat desert without eating her
vegetables. (Lisa Alther, Kinflicks ).
3.35. You know, of course, that the Tasmanians, who never committed adultery, are now extinct. (W. Somerset Maugham, The Bread-
Winner ).
3.36. Englishwomen’s shoes look as if they had been made by someone who had often heard shoes described but had never seen any.
(Margaret Halsey, With Malice Toward Some ),
3.37. I like work; it fascinates me. I can sit and look at it for hours. I love to keep it by me; the idea of getting rid of it nearly breaks my
heart. (Jerome K. Jerome, Three men in a Boat ).
• SUBJECT
4.1. Subject agrees in person and number with the predicate whenever possible, as in 5. The boy lives… (cf. The boys live …) or in 4.
We were… cf. ( I was …).
4.2. Subject normally occurs before the verb in declarative clauses, as in 7. I’d have called … (cf. You’d have called …) or in 5. The boy lives… (cf.
The girl lives…)
4.3. The subject is normally a noun phrase or a nominal clause, as in 1. She doesn’t really like … (cf. He doesn’t like …)
• OBJECT
• The object of an active clause may become the subject in the corresponding passive clause, as in 17.During [...] her
two sisters bought her a small teddy bear = During[...]she(Oi) was bought a small teddy bear(Od).
• The indirect object corresponds to a prepositional phrase (with to or for ) that is placed after the direct object, as in 6.He
really told his father the truth. = He really told the truth to his father.
• If both object are present, the indirect object generally comes before the direct object, as in 14.Just give them(Oi)
hot chocolate(Od). Furthermore, the Oi (them ) has the objective form of pronouns.
• The object normally follows the subject and verb, as in 22. One morning I shot an elephant … (cf. One morning I shoot a
bird …)
• The object function requires the objective form for pronouns that have distinctive case form, as in 9. They made her … (cf.
They made him …)
• Like the subject, the object is normally a noun phrase or a nominal phrase, as in 10. So that made her popular. (cf. so
that made him popular).
• COMPLEMENT
• The complement is normally a noun phrase or an adjective phrase, as in 7.I'd [...] him a liar(Co)(NP) [...], or in 12.
Taco is really a smart dog (Cs)(NP).
• The subject complement follows the subject and the verb (copular verb), as in 2. Cheetahs(S) are(V) the fastest
animals in the world(Cs). And the object complement follows the direct object, as in 10. So that made her(Od) popular (Co).
• If the complement is a noun phrase, the subject complement has concord of number with the subject, and the object
complement has concord of number with the object, as in 15. The gallery(S) became a reality(Cs) in June (cf. The gallery became realities in June) or in 16.He considered it(Od) a dumb question(Co) (cf. He considered it a dum questions) , or in
24. England(S) is not a bad country(Cs) [...] (cf. England is not a bad countries[...]).
• ADVERBIAL
• The adverbial is normally an adverb phrase, prepositional phrase or adverbial clause, as in 5. The boy lives in
Washington now , or as in 13. Some guy died at twenty of a heart attack.
• The adverbial is capable of occurring in more than one position in the clause, as in 4. We were in a meeting all morning
with Barbara (cf. We were in a meeting with Barbara all morning).
• Except for the obligatory adverbial in the SVA and SVOA types, adverbial are optional, as in 5. The boy lives in
Washington now (cf. The boy lives in Washington).
• The adverbial refers to different things, and thus, they can be adjuncts, as in 22. One morning I shot an elephant in
my pajamas; but can also be disjuncts, conjuncts and subjuncts.
ntheses around Objects and specify their type (Od/Oi) formal realization. If the direct object is a clause, it may have its own direct object.
Example: Tom decided (that they should meet (her) 2 ) 1. 1) Subordinate Nominal Finite that -cl. 2)
1. Please don’t use (the air conditioner)1 during peak afternoon hours. 1) Od/NP
2. The leading man directed (himself)1 in the play. 1) Od/NP
3. She wore (an old pair of faded shoes)1. 1) Od/NP
4. She got (the poor dog)1 (a bone)1. 1) Oi/NP 2) Od/NP
5. Do (yourself)1 (a favour)2. 1) Oi/NP 2) Od/NP
6. They have decided (when to hold (the match)2)1. 1) Od/Subordinate Nominal relative cl 2) Od/NP
7. They agree (that the horse has (no chance)2)1. 1) Od/Subordinate Nominal Finite that-cl 2) Od/NP
GRAMÁTICA I NGLESA II |
18.1. He grew more tomatoes in the garden this year. Od.
18.2. He grew more curious as the day went on. Cs
18.3. She made a really excellent nurse. Cs
18.4. She made a really excellent soufflé. Od
He felt (like) a stranger even in his own home. Cs
18.6. He felt a stranger (was) somewhere in the room. Od
18.7. He weighed 150 pounds. Cs
18.8. He weighed 150 packages. Od
7.- Mixed structures: These sentences look similar but they have got different structures. Identify them.
1. a) The porter called me a taxi.
S P OI OD
b) The porter called me a blackguard. S P OD CO
2. a) Max was ogling a girl with red hair.
S P OD
b) Max was ogling a girl with brazen audacity. S P OD A
3. a) Lesley sounds an interesting girl.
S P Cs b) Lesley knows an interesting girl. S P OD
a) He found his secretary a reliable
typewriter. S P OI OD b) He found his secretary a reliable typist. S P OD CO
5. a) Most of us are working this evening.
S P A
b. Most of us are dreading this
evening. S P OD
8.- These clauses are ambiguous. For each, identify two possible clause types and paraphrase to show the different meanings.
b.1. The Romans built this way.
-SPOd (They built a path) -SPA (This is how the Romans built)
b.2. She made him a mess.
-SPOiOd (She made a mess around him) -SPOdCo (She made him become a mess)
b.3. This man can save you the best.
-SPOiOd (He can give you the best he has) -SPOdCs (He is the best man that can save you)
b.4. Alice found him a puzzle.
-SPOiOd (She found a puzzle for him) -SPOdCo (She thinks he's a puzzle person)
b.5. My doctor gives the poorest free treatment.
-SPOiOd (He gives free treatment for poor people) -SPOd (He gives the worst free treatment)
b.6. Call me fast.
-POdCo (Tell me that I am fast) -POdA (Call me quickly)
GRAMÁTICA I NGLESA II
Juan Santana Lario Tfno 958 241000 - Ext. 20243 Fax 958 243678. jsantana@ ugr.es www.ugr.es/local/ jsantana
b.7. Her hobby is destroying all her friends.
-SPCs (She enjoys destroying friends) -SPOd (Her hobby damages her friends)
b.8. The mayor appointed an assistant chief of police.
-SPOdCo (He appointed an assistant to become chief of police) -SPOd (He appointed an assistant chief of the police department)
9.- Clause Constituents: Identify each clause element by writing the appropriate symbol in the parentheses after it: S, P, Od, Oi, Op, Cs, Co, A and specify their formal realization (NP, VP…). Some elements themselves have the internal structure of clauses.
Example: He (S,NP) has given (P, VP) her (Oi, NP) an apple (Od, NP)
1. The waitress(S, NP) was pouring(P, VP) him(Oi, NP) a cup of coffee(Od, NP).
2. The meeting(S, NP) unanimously(A, AP) elected(P, VP) her(Od, NP) president(Co, NP).
3. The weather(S, NP) unexpectedly(A, AP) turned(P, VP) bitter cold(Cs).
4. That author(S, NP) probably(A, AP) is writing(P, VP) another novel(Od,NP).
5. The clown(S, NP) was hiccupping(P, VP) uncontrollably(A, AP).
6. Team members(S, NP) must wear(P, VP) red blazers(Od, NP) out of town(A, PP).
7. The politician’s speech(S, NP) got(P, VP) the crowd(Od) angry(Co)
