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ADVANCED GRAMMAR
SEMESTER II/
REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSES
Reduced adverb clauses refer to the shortening of an adverb clause to an adverbial phrase of time, causality, or opposition. Some adverb clauses can be reduced to phrases without changing their meaning. Remember that a clause contains a subject and a verb/ but a phrase does not. An adverb clause can be reduced to an adverb phrase only when the subject of the independent clause is the same as the subject of the adverb clause. Study the examples below to see how adverb clauses are reduced:
- Time sequences with after, before, once, since, until, when, and while: After they sang two songs , the performers did a dance. (clause) After singing two songs , the performers did a dance. (phrase) Before he answered the phone , he grabbed a pencil and notepad. (clause) Before answering the phone , he grabbed a pencil and notepad. (phrase) Once he had been challenged to play tennis , Tim wouldn’t stop practicing. (clause) Once challenged to play tennis , Tim wouldn’t stop practicing. (phrase) Since she finished studying at the university , Ellen has gone on to become a successful designer. (clause) Since studying at the university , Ellen has gone on to become a successful designer. (phrase)
Since he was early at school , he had time to have breakfast. Being early at school , he had time to have breakfast. He fidgeted with his keys until he dropped them. (clause) He fidgeted with his keys until dropping them. (phrase) When she is working in her garden, Jan always wears a floppy hat. (clause) When working in her garden , Jan always wears a floppy hat. (phrase) While George was away in London , he wrote daily. (clause) While away in London , George wrote daily. (phrase)
2. Giving reasons with because When a clause introduced by because is reduced, because is omitted and the verb changes form: Because she had always been interested in sports , Linda became an avid supporter of the team. (clause) Having always been interested in sports , Linda became an avid supporter of the team. (phrase) 3. Clauses of concession with although, despite, in spite of, though, and while: Although he was hurt , Jack managed to smile. (clause) Although hurt , Jack managed to smile. (phrase) Despite the fact that she was ill , Lisa went on stage. (clause) Despite being ill , Lisa went on stage. (phrase)
After finishing the book , he put it on the table. After having finished the book , he put it on the table. passive voice Present tense: The building will be used as a convention center when it is completed. When completed , the building will be used as a convention center. Past tense: When the boy was told to go to bed , he began to cry. When told to go to bed , the boy began to cry. Perfect tenses： Because the house has been remodeled , it will get more on the market. Having been remodeled , the house will get more on the market. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% When the subject of an adverb clause and the subject of the independent clause are not the same, the adverb clause cannot be reduced. Reducing the adverb clause changes the meaning: Same subject: Ever since she graduated , Sue has been working for an engineering firm. (clause] Ever since graduating , Sue has been working for an engineering firm. (phrase) Different subjects: After Sue graduated , her parents retired. (clause) (=The daughter graduated, then her parents retired.)
After graduating , her parents retired, (phrase) (=Her parents graduated, then her parents retired.} Adverb clauses, beginning with as or as soon as , cannot be reduced: Correct As he was walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers. Incorrect As walking, he kept stopping to look at the flowers.
BUT
As I was falling asleep, I thought about my friends in Italy. -> Falling asleep, I thought about my friends in Italy. As she was driving to work, she saw a deer in the road. -> Driving to work, she saw a deer in the road. As soon as she finished the report, she gave it to the boss. -> Upon finishing the report, she gave it to the boss. As soon as we woke up, we got our fishing poles and went to the lake. -> On waking up, we got our fishing poles and went to the lake. Take the following practice quiz about reduction of adverb clauses. https://www.thoughtco.com/reducing-adverb-clauses-quiz-
