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UNIT 1
ATTENTION
Deff. Basic process off attention and perception in the framework (marco de referencia) of cognitive psychology.
Attention is…
- Something that modulates cognitive capacity.
- Linked to activitation in front of novel/familiar situations where it is necessary toi act, plan a sequence of actions, solve tasks beyond automatic responses
- Something that serves as a filter to avoid overload of information processing. Ens centrem en la informació que ens interesa i omitim la resta
- Facilitatees adequate processing of relevant sensory stimulation. Especifical attention.
Topic 1.
Forms of attention and basic phenomena.
- Exogenous, orientation reflex, when we reaccionem, fast. REACTION ♦ Attention is captured by a highly salient and/or unattended stimulus-> reorientations, change of focus. ♦ Involuntary, we can avoid it. If one bomb explotes, we react. ♦ Unconscious, it’s not preplaning. We didn’t decide how to move ♦ Stimulus-driven, stimuls can be external or internal. Stimul drive, our comportament es una consecuencia de un estímu
- Endogenous attention ♦ Pay attention”: mental effort to select a stimulus from many others. ♦ Voluntary control: automaticity and difficulty ♦ Depends on the individual ♦ Changes of focus (e.gquan parlem amb una persona i no ens interesa el que diu, prestem més atencio a la roba que porta)
- Voluntary/involuntary attention
- Overt/covert attention ♦ Overt attention involves a series of motor and physiological. Movements that reflects that you are atending, everyvody can see that your attending. Ex. Cat, move the ears, Persons, body movement, eyes movement ♦ Covert attention involves changes of the attention focus withouth a motor or behavioral correlate (ikt cannot be detected by simple observation). Ex. Eyes are fixed, seems that we are not prestan attenció.
- Divided/selective attention ♦ Driven by the motivation/interests of the individual
♦ In divided attention many stimuli/activities are under the focus of attention. We can attend simultaneous different things. Driven and talking with another person. ♦ In selective attention there is a focus on a specific field/stimulation, ignoring other stimulti.
Questions on selective attention: once oriented towards a stimulus or event… filtering modus, how can we filtered the information.
Filtering/selection: The cocktail party effect (Cherry). We can easily follow a conversation in a noisy place where other simultaneous conversations are talking place. Diffference in the intensity, timbre, location… When we talk with another person and we ignore the other noises, we have situacions que favoreixen aquesta selecció.
- Shadowing techinque (Cherry) ♦ Simultaneous presentation of two messages (dichotic, dicotomic) and repetition of one of them. ♦ Result: The information presented in the unattended channel cannot be remembered. ♦ But can we say that the unattenteded informations has not been processed? Ex. With headphones two messages “Londres, moscu, atenas… and at the same time Blanco, verde… We have to memorize colours in spanish, so we ignore the countrys. And we have to repit the colours, to make sure that you only are attending to colours. And when you pay attention in only one list. But these ignored information we haven’t semanthical processed, we don’t really proceed the meaning. Activity in campus virtual. Random result, 50%
- Models of selective attention ♦ From earyl data from shadowing tasks. Broadbent model or filter model, early model.
Memory, concepts and basic terminology.
- Moray (1959). participates detected their name presentend in the unattended channel.
- Treisman: messages presented with asynchrony could be perceived.
- Indicrect measures falsify the Filter Model (Broadbent) ♦ Tests after the shadowing task show limited retention (memory) but do not exclude processing having occurred. ♦ Indirect measures were needed to explore processinf of the unattended information
- Crteen & Dunn
- Initial phase: some words presented contingently to an electroshock
- Shadowing phase: words previously associated to the electroshcok were presented-evidence of psycho- galvanic response of the skin ♦ Von Wright et al
- Replication of the study, but using synonyms-evidence of semantic processing.
Alternative model, late selection Model (Deutsch & Deutsch)
Tot va a la memoria a curt plaç i es processat, pero comm la memoria a curt termini te una capacitat limitada no pot ser recordada.
A diferencia de l’altre model, en que la informacio no arriba a ser processada, i el “filtre” ve del canal.
Al informations is lost.
Filter operates on STM, not on the sensory register ·All stimuli would be semantically processed ·In principle, all of the would be recalled (attented and unattended information).
- However, STM has a limited capacity and attended
Information is preferentially analysed • Information not further elaborated, is immediately forgotten.
Attention, and the filter can be in chanel and also in the short memory. There are the informations what we want to keep and the other.
The filter attenuates information and is more flexible than in Broadbent’s model.
(en el cocktail, interfiere mas una voz masculina si hablamos con una voz masculina que el resto, cuanto mas similares es lo que queremos escuchar i el resto, mas dificil de focus) esto mismo defiende Treisman.
This models are practics per saber les coses que ens distreuen. A recently model, by Lavi when we are doing a task, complete task, ex.visual complex, we are really good filtering. Puede ser que la gente que le cuesta prestar atencion tengan un bajo nivel perceptivo. Les distraccions poden ser varies. La posibilitat de que hi hagi mases distractors quan vols escoltar una conferencia es acceptable, pero si has de conduir no, perque has de centrarte molt en allo que estas fent.
All of this is not in 100% of situations. Some flexibility is needed here, processing can be “more or less” automatic.
- Features of controlled processing ♦ Slow
- Visual search, we explore, controlled proceed to face the sad face in a square. The difficult depends of number of elements and if they are related or no. Find 3 in a box with letters is easier that find the 3 with another numbers.
Capacity and divided attention
- Capacity models ♦ Central capacity (Kahenam - Two simultaneous tasks can be done when the amount of resources needed dos not exceed the total amount of resources the system has. - Attention as manager of cognitive resources (central processor). Depen mde la dificultat de la tasca necesitaras molt mes recursos ♦ Specific resources for each sensory modality
PeeeP (pronunciado PIIIIIIP)
Estan mirant la pantalla i pendents d’un to aleatoriament
Podem fer dues coses alhora i cadascuna d’aquestes te unes demandes atencionals i queda penalitza
The dimands of one of the task is capturing more or less cognitive process. Second task is an auditory task, is another sensority model. vs auditory model.
Example: Language task: true/false answer to general statements. Ex. The pyramids were places of burial and ware one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Mental rotation task: Pairs of 3D images, same or different.
The part involve in this two parts of the cognitive are really separated.
