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Phonetics and Phonology II (Ph&Ph)
Apuntes
UNIT I
Weak and strong form: Function words Category Weak Form Strong Form Auxiliary verbs Do /də/ /duː/ Does /dəz/ /dʌz/ Have /həv/ /hæv/ Has /həz/ /hæz/ Had /həd/ /hæd/ Rules -it´s used when the auxiliary verb is BEGINNING or in the MIDDLE. -When it is not ACCENTED. -It´s used when the A.V is at the END. -When It is ACCENTED -In questions TAGS. -In the Negative contracted form.
- When it is used in a main verb. DO AND DOES Do+ Consonant Do + vowel Definite Article
A
/ə/ /ei/ we pronounce when “a” **Following sound
- consonant** AN /ən/ /æn/ we pronounce when “an” following We pronounce when contrasting or citing
sound+ vowels THE /ðə/ or /ði/ /ði:/ /ðə/ it´s pronounced before a consonant /ði/ it´s pronounced before vowels. Determiners THAT /ðət/ /ðæt/ It's pronounced when it is a Relative Pronoun. eg: The girl that we saw yesterday… The conjunction “that” it is used when there's a pause because the speaker is finishing for words. eg: I think that… It's just crazy. it's pronounced when it is a Demonstrative Pronoun or adjective. eg: That is the car I bought./ What 's that? I think (that )... That woman is a spy. THERE /ðə/ /ðeə/ it's pronounced when it is an Existential pronoun. eg: There is /there are. /ðə/ following by the verb to be. eg: There is a bug over there. It's pronounced when it is an Adverb of place. eg: Where's the pencil? There! WHO /hu/ /hu:/ We pronounce /hu/ when it is a Relative Pronouns. We pronounce /hu:/ when it is an Interrogative
Rules -We pronounce it when it is in MEDIAL position. Eg: We can play the piano. -We pronounce it when it is in INITIAL position. eg: Can you play the guitar? -We pronounce it when it is in FINAL position. eg: She can. -The negative contracted. eg: He can't do it. -In question tags. eg: Could she? Preposition to /tə/^ /tu:/ in /ɪn/^ /ɪn/ into /ɪntə/ /ɪntu:/ for /fə/ /fɔ:/ from /frəm/ /frɒm/ at /ət/^ /æt/ of /əv/^ /ɒv/ off /əf/ /ɔ:f/ on /ən/ /ɒn/ with /wɪθ/^ /wɪθ/ up /əp/^ /æp/ Rules -We pronounce in INITIAL or MEDIAL position. -When the preposition is followed by a -When the preposition i s STRANDED an it occurs in FINAL position. eg: It´s the manager,
PRONOUN.
eg: I asked a question of her. I´m waiting for. Conjunctions And /ənd/ /ænd/ But /bət/^ /bʌt/ Or /ə r / /ˈɔː r / As /əz/ /æz/ Than /ðən/ /ðæn/ Rules We usually use these conjunctions before a PRONOUN or HESITATION We usually use it when the preposition is in the INITIAL or FINAL position. Liason : It means when two words need linking. Linkin of the final consonant of one word with the beginning vowels sound to the following words. E.g:
ran ͡ away - Born an idiot - Come out all - down on
Intrusive: Linking to add “r”, Imaginary “R”. It helps us link one word to another word between vowels. That helps us speak fluently. E.g:
r
to͡ an ordinary
Linking “r”: Appears when a word ending with 'r' is followed by a word that begins
with a vowel sound.
E.g:
“r”
