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Rhythm
Rhythm: the periodic repetition of an event.
Syllable timed languages: syllables are repeated periodically, all syllables take approximately the same amount of time
Stress timed languages it is stresses ("accents") which occur at approximately equal intervals
' w - - ' x ' y - - - - - ' z - ∂David had ∂seen ∂helicopters in the ∂airport
the 3 syllables between w-x = one syllable between x-y = six syllables between y and z and for the two syllables between z and the end of the utterance. It is therefore necessary to make more reductions and shortenings in the stretch between y-z : <∂helicopters in the>, than in the one between w-x: <∂David had>, while the syllable between x-y, <∂seen> and the ones after z <∂airport> will be lengthened.
T. S. Eliot, The love song of Alfred Prufrock
u _ u _ u _ u _ u _ u _ u _
/The ye /llow fog / that rubs / its back / upon / the win /dow panes,/
u _ u _ u _ u _ u _ u _ u _
/The ye /llow smoke/ that rubs/ its muzz /le on /the win /dow panes
ENGLISH WEAK FORMS
Vowel Changes
Weakening makes all vowels move to the centre of the vowel space. They will first move to the central vowel quality nearest to their original one
I ¨ ´
Vowel change direction in weak forms
/i 9 /> /H/ /t9/> /T/
/d/> /?/ /z/> /?/
/U.> /?/ /@9/> /?/
/P/> /?/ /N9.> /?/
/ 29 /> /?/ /T/> /?/
A second step in weakening would make the vowel /T/ go to /?/:
/dt9/ > /dT/ > /d?/ /jt9/ > /jT/ > /j?/ .
This pronunciation is considered to be colloquial in RP, but is usual in other varieties of English
can /'jzm/ /j?m//jm</
could /'jTc/ /jTc//j?c/
do /'ct9/ /cT//ct//d?/
does /'cUy/ /c?y//y//r/
for /'eN9/ /e?/
from /'erPl/ /eq?l/
had /'gzc/ /g?c/ /?c//c/
has /'hzy/ /g?y/ /?y/ /y/
have /'hzu/ /g?u/ /?u/
he /'gh9/ /gH//gh//H//h/
her /'g29/ /g?/ /?/
him /'gHl/ /Hl/
his /'gHy/ /Hy/ /y/
is /'Hy/ /y/ /r/
me /'lh9/ /lH//lh/
must /'lUrs/ /l?rs/
of /'Pu/ /?u/
or /'N9/ /N9//?/
shall/ /'Rzk/ /R?l/ /Rk</
she /'Rh9/ /RH//Rh/
should /'RTc/ /RTc//R?c/
some /'sUl/ /r?l/
than /'Czm/ /C?m//Cm</
that /'Czs/ /C?s/
the /'Ch9/ /CH//Ch//C?/
them /'Cdl/ /C?l/
there /'Cd?/ /C?/
to /'st9/ /sT//st//s?/
us /'Ur/ /?r/
was /'vPy/ /w?y/
we /'vh9/ /vH//vh/
were /'v29/ /v?/
who /'gt9/ /gT//gt.
would /'vTc/ /vTc//v?c//c/
you /'it9/ /iT//it.
(iv) There are a number of words other than verb for which the use of weak or
strong forms is determined by their function in the utterance. • /'sUl/, /s?l/. Strong form when it precedes countable singular nouns and it means "a certain": /'sUl/ en . In other cases the weak forms is normally used: /s?l/
• /'Czs/, /C?s/. Strong form as an adjective or pronoun /'Czs/: . Weak form as a relative conjunction /C?s/:
• /'Cd?/, /C?/. Strong form as an adverb. Weak form in existential constructions. For Example, /C?/ in and /'Cd?/ in
(v) Weak forms beginning with /h/(except the adjective "her") can have it
deleted (dropped) as long as the word is not at the beginning of the group (sentence initial or after pause).
/gHr gTr/ = no deletion because sentence initial /H vdms sn ghr gTr/ = /H vdms sT Hy g`Tr.
(vi) A preposition preceding a pronoun can be used in strong or weak form: <I
was looking for you> /e? iT/ or /fN9 iT/.
(vii) some words with more than one weak form have their choice determined
by the phonetic context They have been marked with '**'
a. /y/, /r/ /?y/, /y/ /y/, /r/
The weak form agrees in voicing with the previous sound: /sPly fPm `Ts/ /Hsr qdHmHM/
b.
/CH/ before vowel as in /C?/ before consonant as in
c.
/sT/ before vowel as in /t?/ before consonant as in
d.
/N9/ careful speech /?/ fast colloquial speech and set prases “one or two”
(viii) In negative contractions the vowel cannot be weakened but the
consonats may suffer phonological processes
/cHc?ms/ = / cHcm<s / = / cHcm / /j@9ms/ = / j@9m / = / j@9m>/
