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Weak and Strong Forms, Apuntes de Filología Inglesa

Universitat de Barcelona (UB)Filología Inglesa

Weak and Strong forms of English transcription

Tipo: Apuntes

2025/2026

Subido el 05/05/2026

stephanie-tavares-9
stephanie-tavares-9 🇺🇸

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Weak and Strong Forms:
1. The indefinite article: <a>/<an>
a) strong forms: // and //
The strong form is used exclusively in the context of quotation and receives stress in this
context:
You say [] before a consonant but [] before a vowel.
b) weak forms // and //
The weak form is used elsewhere.
[] boy was bitten by [] alligator.
2. The conjunction <and>:
a) strong form: //
Used in the context of quotation, for emphasis and in impatient usually impolite answers
where it receives stress and question-like intonation:
- I love you!
- []...??? (meaning: ‘So what?!?!’)
- Do you have anything apart from cosmetics in your purse?
- Hmmm...I’ve got cosmetics [] cosmetics...
b) weak forms: 1) // or 2) //
1) is used in normal speech:
You will read this again [] again [] again until you remember it!
You use 2) in fast speech before a CONSONANT:
Dumb [] dumber.
3. Comparative particle <as>:
a) strong form: //
The strong form is used sentence finally and optionally between two unstressed syllables. It
is stressed only in the former case:
Such []?
I hate it when he uses her [] his cook and waitress!
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Weak and Strong Forms:

  1. The indefinite article: / a) strong forms: /  / and /  / The strong form is used exclusively in the context of quotation and receives stress in this context: You say [] before a consonant but [] before a vowel. b) weak forms / / and /  / The weak form is used elsewhere. [] boy was bitten by [] alligator.
  2. The conjunction : a) strong form: /  / Used in the context of quotation, for emphasis and in impatient usually impolite answers where it receives stress and question-like intonation: - I love you! - []...??? (meaning: ‘So what?!?!’) - Do you have anything apart from cosmetics in your purse? - Hmmm...I’ve got cosmetics [] cosmetics... b) weak forms: 1) /  / or 2 ) / / 1) is used in normal speech: You will read this again [] again [] again until you remember it! You use 2) in fast speech before a CONSONANT: Dumb [] dumber.
  3. Comparative particle : a) strong form: /  / The strong form is used sentence finally and optionally between two unstressed syllables. It is stressed only in the former case: Such []? I hate it when he uses her [] his cook and waitress!

b) weak form: /  / Weak forms are used elsewhere. [] drunk [] a lord... Hard [] I tried, I could not keep up with her.

  1. Prepositions: a) strong forms: / t,  ( ),  / Used sentence finally, for emphasis, quoting, and optionally between two unstressed syllables. In the first three contexts receive stress. What are you staring [t]? b) Weak forms: / t, ( )  ( )( ),  / Used elsewhere. I got it [] my father [] my 10th^ birthday. I’ll stay [] you [] a week. That is not my cup [] tea. THE PREPOSITION LIKE THAT CONTAIN (AT LEAST) ETYMOLOGICALLY HIGH VOWELS DO NOT HAVE SEPARATE WEAK FORMS IN STANDARD BRITISH ENGLISH!!!! DOES NOT HAVE A WEAK FORM REDUCED TO SHWA!
  2. The verb ‘to be’: a) strong forms: /  ( )  ( ),  / Used sentence initially in questions, sentence finally, in question tags, for emphasis, quoting. - [] they playing our favourite song? - Yes, they []. He isn’t too eager to help you, [] he? b) weak forms: /  ( )  ( )  ( )  ( )  / Used in other positions, as an operator in wh-questions.
  1. Conjunction a) strong form: /  / Sentence finally, metaphorically meaning ‘doubts’ There are still some ifs and []. I think you are right []... b) weak form: /  / Used elsewhere. I could have tried to help her [] did not have knowledge enough to do that.
  2. Modal verbs : a) strong forms VERB/FORMS STRONG FORMS WHERE USED: Must /  / Sentence initially, sentence finally, in question tags, in the meaning of logical assumption. Can /  / Sentence initially, sentence finally and in question tags. Could /  / as above Shall /  / as above Should /  / as above Will /  / as above Would /  / as above IN NEGATIVE FORMS ALL AUXULLIARY VERBS (ALL MODALS + NON-MODAL AUXILIARIES i.e. ALL MENTIONED IN 9 + DO, BE AND HAVE) RETAIN THEIR STRONG FORMS! REMEMBER THAT SOME OF THE VOWELS IN CONTRACTED NEGATIVE FORMS ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE IN NON-NEGATED FORMS!!! CONTRACTED NEGATIVE FORMS LOSE ‘T’ BEFORE A CONSONANT: You [] smoke here!

b) weak forms: VERB/FORMS WEAK FORMS WHERE USED Must 1) /  / or 2) /  / Elsewhere. 1) before vowels 2) before consonants Can /  / Elsewhere. Could (^) /  / as above Shall 1) /  / 2) /  / or / / Elsewhere. 2) used before consonants Should /  / or /  / Elsewhere. Will 1) /  / 2 ) / / As above. 2) used after a pronoun. Would /  / or /  / or 3) / / Elsewhere. 3) after pronouns except for ‘it’.

  1. Pronouns in nominative a) strong forms: /  / In emphatic contexts, sentence finally.
    • So it was really []!?
    • If [] can’t, nobody can! b) weak forms: /  1)  2)  / Elsewhere. 1) used sentence initially, 2) used elsewhere. I bet [] can’t count to 8723680276350287436. [] was so excited that [] forgot to put on her clothes.
  2. Pronouns in accusative a) strong forms /  / Emphatic context, quoting... It is [] to whom I wrote the letter.... b) weak forms: /  ( )  ( )  ( )  / Elsewhere, sentence initially only the forms with / / are attested. They are not stressed. I hate []!
  3. Pronouns in genitive a) strong forms: /  ( ),  ( )/ Sentence finally, for emphasis. Is this car []?

b) weak forms (only in fixed phrases) : / (r)/ More // less one big mess.

  1. Pronoun : a) strong form (as an interrogative pronoun): /  / // is she? Do you know // she is? b) weak form (relative pronoun): / / People // are absent will have to make up for it.
  2. Comparative particle : a) strong form (sentence finally, emphasis): /  / What is he bigger than? b) weak form (elsewhere): /  / I’m better [] you.
  3. Preposition/particle a) strong forms /  /: sentence finally Where are you going []? b) weak forms 1) /  / 2) /  /
  1. before consonants, 2) before vowels I’m going [] Japan. I want [] open a shop.
  1. Demonstrative/ relative pronoun a) strong form /  /: as a demonstrative pronoun Why did you do []?

b) weak form /  /: as a relative pronoun I told you [] I didn’t like you.

  1. Pronoun a) strong form /  /: when emphasised, used sentence initially, sentence finally, in complex pronouns like anyone, anyhow, anything etc. She was surprised because she did not expect anyone. b) weak form /  /: used elsewhere I didn’t expect you to do // better.