Anteprima parziale del testo
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LINGUA INGLESE, ESAME ORALE MODULO A Cap 13 Translation issues: past, present and future Issues in the past Thinkers have always argued about what should be the right approach for translation: on the one hand, there is word for word translation, which is ST (source text) focused and SL (source language) oriented; on the other hand, there is imitation, where the ST serves as a modelto create a brand new text. An example of this relativity on translation theory can be detected in Savory's twelve rules for the translator which can be applied depending on the type of text. These guidelines can be grouped in six couples because of their complementarity: * Give the words of the origihal/ give the ideas of the original. * Create an original work/ create a translation * Use the style of the original/ use the style of the translator. * Write a contemporary work (same “historical language”) of the original/ write d contemporary work of the translator. * Add or omit from the original/ never add or omit from the original * A translation of verse should be in prose/ a translation of verse should be in verse. Ancient Rome > Cicero (Ist century BC) was the first one to speak in favour of imitation and Horace (contemporary of Cicero) asked translators to be faithfulto the meaning of the text rather than its word order Middle Ages > In the Middle Ages word for word translation was the most practised, especially with sacred texts (ex. the Bible): in fact, the word order had been divinely ordained and could not be altered; it didn't matter if the text was difficult to understand in other languages because sacred texts are a mystery themselves. St. Jerome and Martin Luther were the first ones that translated the Bible using the imitation process: both based their versions on the way people speak in market places, so that most of the population could read and understand the sacred text. In this sense, it was dn audience oriented translation which didn't care about the word order. It is important to know that Martin Luther believed he was chosen by God to interpret the sense of the Bible, though. Renaissance > A French scholar, Etienne Dolet (1540), formulated the first translation theory, suggesting translators to be faithful to the sense of the text in order to render the authors intentionsinthe TT (target text). He gave translators 5 basic guidelines: * Understand the sense and content. * Have a perfect knowledge of SL and TL (target language). * Be faithful to the meaning of sentences. * Use everyday speech and avoid foreign words or neclogisms. * Use a harmonious style to please the TT reader. Joachim du Bellay believed that only imitation could recreate the genius of an authorin another language. It is important to notice the pre eminence of French scholars in translation theory because of French gaining more and more centrality following the decline of Latin. That is why French translators (mainly interested in literature) wanted to give pleasure to their readers. 17! century > John Dryden first categorises translation in England dividing it into three types: metaphrase (word for word translation), paraphrase (rendering the true sense) and imitation (Using the ST as a model to create an original text). Dryden himself preferred an approach between metaphrase and paraphrase to make the text clear to the TT readers. 
