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Dreams
Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. Langston Hughes Modais são verbos que se comportam de forma muito peculiar em Inglês. Eles são auxiliares dos verbos principais e nem sempre apresentam passado ou futuro. O que acontece com a expressão modal no passado ou no futuro (exceção “can”) é que alguns modais só funcionam para determinado tempo, ocorrendo uma equivalência de sentido. Uma informação importante a respeito dos modais: normalmente o verbo que os segue tem de aparecer na forma de infinitivo, sem “to”. Além disso, os modais não pedem verbos auxiliares, já que eles funcionam como um. Vejamos cada modal individualmente.
1. CAN – poder Indica capacidade ou habilidade de fazer alguma coisa. Indica permissão (informal – melhor usar may) E ainda pode indicar possibilidade (informal - melhor usar may/might) I, you, he, she, it, we, they can Martha can paly the piano. Can you play it, too? No, I cannot play (or I can’t play) Can I smoke here? It can happen to anyone. **Não existe a forma can not. Ou se usa “can’t”, ou se usa “cannot”. 2. COULD – poderia, podia (forma passada de CAN quando indica habilidade) Quando indica permissão, é um modal diferente e é formal. I, you, he, she, it, we, they could John could dance. Could you dance? No, I could not (or I couldn’t) Martha coul have eaten the fruit I was saving. I couldn’t speak English before Going To England Could you do me a favor? 3. WILL BE ABLE TO – poderá (forma que representa “habilidade”) Tem os mesmos valores da forma presente. I, you, he, she, it, we, they Will be able to John will be able to drive after his classes. Martha will never be able to sing this song. 4. MAY – poder Ideia de permissão, possibilidade e desejo. I, you, he, she, it, we, they may May I come in? It may rain today. May all your dreams come true. (muito formal, não é usado no dia- a-dia) May the force be with you (mesmo caso do anterior) 5. MIGHT – poder (usado como forma passada de MAY) Indica possibilidade mais remota que “may”. I, you, he, she, it, we, they might I told you they might come. It might rain this afternoon. 6. MUST – dever Indica obrigação. A forma negativa indica proibição. Além disso, também pode denotar uma inferência lógica. I, you, he, she, it, we, they must You must study English. You must stop smoking. You mustn’t get out of bed. (quando usado na negativa é proibição) He must be very rich. **Mustn’t – must not
HAVE TO – dever (mesma ideia de MUST – obrigação)
I, you, he, she, it, we, they Have to You have to study English. You have to stop smoking. EsPCEx 157
Modais (I)
Inglês
A ssunto
7. SHOULD – dever, deveria Indica conselho, obrigação ou conclusão lógica. I, you, he, she, it, we, they should You should study more Martha should learn German. **Shouldn’t – Should not
OUGHT TO – dever, deveria (mesmo valor de SHOULD)
I, you, he, she, it, we, they Ought to You ought to study more Martha ought to learn German.
8. SHALL – ideia de sugestão (mais usado no inglês britânico) Shall we go to the movies? - Vamos ao cinema? O uso desse modal ocorre principalmente para a primeira pessoa (singular e plural). É muito usado em interrogativas quando se deseja fazer um convite. 9. HAD BETTER – seria melhor Indica conselho ou recomendação. Tem valor similar ao de “SHOULD” e “OUGHT TO”. I, you, he, she, it, we, they Had better You had better take your umbrella with you today That bus had better get here soon! (o valor aqui é de “esperança) You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future! They had better not to be late. Had they better not to be late? 10. WOULD RATHER – preferir, preferiria Indica preferência. I, you, he, she, it, we, they Would rather She would rather take a taxi Would she rather take a taxi? She would rather take a taxi than a bus.(Ela prefere tomar um táxi a um ônibus). 11. USED TO – costumava Indica hábito passado. I, you, he, she, it, we, they Used to I used to study in the library 12. TO BE, TO GET, TO BECOME USED TO – estar ou ser, ficar ou tornar-se acostumado a Quando falamos de adjetivos, falamos da estrutura “used to”, que é esta mesma. I am used to playing chess. I became used to doing my exercises daily. I unfortunetly got used to smoking. Obs.: Need como verbo modal. O verbo “need” já foi usado como modal, com sentido de “precisar”, ou seja, necessidade. “It need not happen today” – equivalentes: “It does not need to happen today” or “It might not happen today.” Negativa: needn’t = need not EXERCISES LEVEL 1 01 Unknown to her parents, Daisy was at a Christmas party at the office last night. She hadn’t come back home until 4 a.m. There was a telephone set in the office, so __________._ (A) She can hardly phone them tonight (B) She will probably phone them later on (C) She should have forgotten going back home (D) She could have phoned that she was going to be late Based on the text below, answer questions from 02 to 06 In Masai culture, when you really want to honor a woman, you refer to her as the mother of her oldest daughter. So last week, when a group of Masai schoolgirls in northern Tanzania held up a sign saying KARIBU MAMA CHELSEA, it _____________(I) more than just “Welcome Chelsea’s mom”. Hillary and Chelsea Clinton, on a good-will tour trip of several African countries, understood the compliment. They also understood that the sheltered First Daughter is developing a fan club of her own. Mrs. Clinton quickly noted that the Masai girls ________________________(II) to someone “more active than her mother,” and Chelsea took floor with ease. Asked about the problem of American youth, she mentioned the drug abuse and the ”hopelessness and cynicism” that plague many of her fellow teenagers. “The solutions ultimately have to come from the youth people themselves,” Chelsea concluded confidently. “We are the future, and we make of our future what we make of it.” 02 The verbal form to complete blank (I) is: (A) means (B) meant (C) will mean (D) has meant 03 The blank (II) is going to be filled with: (A) may enjoy talking (B) might enjoy talking (C) may to enjoy talking (D) might enjoyed to talk Inglês – Assunto 17 158 Vol. 3
01 In the sentence: “nestled between the Indian and Pacific oceans”, according to the text, it can be said true about the in- black words: (A) They represent names of some important compo- nents of biblical poetry in century XX. (B) They are written in capital letters because they represent proper nouns. (C) As representant of proper nouns, they can be written without capital letters. (D) They represent a name of a biblical god. (E) They are names of oceans because they take after name of gods. 02 In the sentence: “if you were in the market for Frette sheets and oversize soaking tubs”, the in-black word means: (A) too big (B) too beautiful (C) too small (D) too expensive (E) too cheap 03 Give the correct definitions of the following words: ( ) namesake ( ) down-to-earth ( ) awe-inspiring ( ) jet-setter
1. noun: rich, fashionable, person who travels a lot. 2. noun: a person or a thing that has the same name as somebody or something else. 3. adjective: sensible and practical in a way that is helpful and friendly. 4. adjective: impressive; making you feel respect and ad- miration. Mark the best answer: (A) 3,2,4, (B) 2,3,4, (C) 3,4,1, (D) 4,3,2, (E) 1,2,3, Along with Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, Olinda has one of three most attended carnivals in Brazil; in 2006, more than 2 million people came to the carnival of Recife and Olinda. The carnival of Olinda, however, is certainly the most popular in Brazil, in the sense that the party is protagonized by the people. In Rio, the main attraction is the parade of samba schools, which take place inside a closed arena, called Sambódromo; in Olinda, no place is closed: every street and every corner in the Historic Center are taken by the partiers. In Salvador, the animation is provided mainly by “trios elétricos” (electric trios), huge trucks with a monster sound system, driving slowly along the streets, with a band playing on top; detail: a rope isolates people who pay (and can get close to the trucks) from those who don’t pay (and must stay outside the rope limits). In Olinda, the populars organize their own blocks, play their own music, follow their own paths. The city government provides the infrastructure (transportation, security, marketing), and the people does the rest. According to journalist and carnival specialist José Ataíde, it was in 1977 that the carnival of Olinda assumed these preferences for the masses which characterize it today. Until that year, the carnival had a committee to judge the performance of the blocks, much like it is in Rio today; there were, also, some specific places where the blocks should perform, always near the rooms reserved for the authorities. In 1977, that was all abolished, and the carnival was known as “Carnival of Participation”; ever since, the carnival in Olinda is open and free to everyone. Children learn to party with their parents; grandparents recall the parties of times past. As there is no censorship whatsoever, the political and social satires are common in Olinda; the satires are present both in the music and in the costumes. The Giant Puppets are an attraction by themselves. Made in papier- maché, dozens of these huge figures (up to 5 meters or 15 feet) parade along the streets every year. The most famous puppet is the Homem da Meia-Noite (Man of Midnight) who, since 1932, at midnight of the Saturday, officially starts the carnival in Olinda; siding the Man, a multitude of rhythms, including frevo, afoxés, caboclinhos and maracatus. Every year, clones of Presidents, politicians and other personalities show up in the carnival of Olinda (Osama bin Laden and President Lula have been popular in recent years). Also, it is not uncommon to see the personalities themselves coming to the party; here in Olinda, the famous and the anonymous people party side by side. Adapted from http://www.recifeguide.com/olinda/carnival.html 05 According to the text, Olinda has 1. one of the three most attended carnivals in Brazil. 2. the most popular carnival in Brazil. 3. no closed places to play carnival. 4. the “carnival of participation”. 5. “giant puppets” in carnival. It is CORRECT just (A) 1, 2, and 3. (B) 2, 3, and 4. (C) 3, 4, and 5. (D) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. (E) 1, 2, 3, and 5. 06 The text compares Olinda’s carnival with (A) Recife’s carnival. (B) São Paulo’s carnival. (C) Rio’s and Salvador’s carnivals. (D) populars who organize their own blocks. (E) ropes that isolate people to play carnival. 07 The word “ partiers ” in the last line of the second paragraph means people who (A) love parties. (B) just love carnival parties. (D) don’t like parties. (C) don’t like carnival. (E) love to rest during carnival. 08 In the first paragraph, the sentence “ The carnival of Olinda, however, is certainly the most popular in Brazil...” is a (A) comparative of superiority. (B) comparative of inferiority. (D) superlative of inferiority. (C) comparative of equality. (E) superlative of superiority. Inglês – Assunto 17 160 Vol. 3
History of the Academy of
Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
In early 1927, during dinner at the home of M-G-M’s studio chief Louis B. Mayer, Mayer and three of his guests – actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo and producer Fred Beetson – began talking about creating an organized group to benefit the entire film industry. They planned another dinner for the following week, with invitees from all the creative branches of the film industry. And so, on January 11, 1927, 36 people met for dinner at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles to hear a proposal to found the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (“International” dropped from the name soon after). Attendees included many of the biggest names in the industry at the time: Mayer, Mary Pickford, Sid Grauman, Jesse Lasky, George Cohen, Cecil B. DeMille, Douglas Fairbanks, Cedric Gibbons and Irving Thalberg. The group supported the concept and things came together quickly. By mid-March of that year, articles of incorporation were presented and the first officers were elected, with Douglas Fairbanks as president. On May 11, 1927, a week after the state granted the Academy a charter as a non-profit organization, an official organizational banquet was held at the Biltmore Hotel. Of the 300 guests, 230 joined the Academy, paying $100 each. That night, the Academy also awarded its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially five branches were established: producers, actors, directors, writers and technicians. http://www.oscars.org/academy/history-organization/history.html 09 According to the text,
- the history of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began in 1927.
- Louis B. Mayer began talking about creating the Academy.
- the proposal to found the Academy took place ate the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles.
- important names of the movie industry attended the meeting to create the Academy.
- the Academy’ s first honorary membership was Thomas Edison. (A) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. (B) 2 and 4. (C) 3 and 5. (D) 1, 2, and 3. (E) 2, 3, and 4. 10 In the sentence “ Attendees included many of the biggest names in the industry at the time...” (second paragraph) the word “industry” is referring to the (A) hotel industry. (B) art industry. (C) film industry. (D) Los Angeles industry. (E) international industry. 11 Who was the Academy’s first honorary president? (A) The Biltmore Hotel. (B) A non-profit organization. (C) On May 11, 1927. (D) Thomas Edison. (E) Producers, actors, directors, writers and technicians. NOTES
Modais (I)
EsPCEx 161
3B. Even though Mary can’t dance funk, she can play the guitar. 4A. Mary can’t dance funk. She can play the guitar though. 4B. Although Mary can’t dance funk, she can play the guitar. 5A. Mary can’t play the guitar. She can’t dance funk either. 5B. Mary can play the guitar. She can dance funk as well. (A) Todos os pares apresentam o mesmo significado. (B) Apenas os pares 1A/1B e 5A/5B apresentam significados diferentes. (C) Apenas os pares 3A/3B e 4A/4B apresentam significados diferentes. (D) Apenas os pares 2A/2B e 5A/5B apresentam significados diferentes. (E) Nenhum dos pares apresenta o mesmo significado.
Cell phones now used
more for data than for calls
By JENNA WORTHAM Published: May 13, 2010 (^1) For many Americans, cell phones have become irreplaceable tools to manage their lives and stay connected to the outside world, their families and networks of friends online. But increasingly, by several measures, that does not mean talking on them very much. For example, although almost 90 percent of households in the United States now have a cell 5 phone, the growth in voice minutes used by consumers has stagnated, according to government and industry data. This is true even though more households each year are disconnecting their landlines in favor of cell phones. Instead of talking on their cell phones, people are making use of all the extras that iPhones, BlackBerrys and other smartphones were also designed to do – browse the Web, listen to 10 music, watch television, play games and send e-mail and text messages. The number of text messages sent per user increased by nearly 50 percent nationwide last year, according to the CTIA, the wireless industry association. And for the first time in the United States, the amount of data in text, e-mail messages, streaming video, music and other services on mobile devices in 2009 surpassed the amount of voice data in cell phone calls, industry 15 executives and analysts say. “Originally, talking was the only cell phone application,” said Dan Hesse, chief executive of a large American telecommunications company. “But now it’s less than half of the traffic on mobile networks.” Of course, talking on the cell phone isn’t disappearing entirely. But figures from the CTIA show 20 that over the last two years, the average number of voice minutes per user in the United States has fallen. When people do talk on their phones, their conversations are shorter and the unused voice minutes mount up. “I have thousands of rollover minutes,” said Zach Frechette, 28, editor of Good magazine in Los Angeles, who explained that he dialed only when he needed to get in touch with someone 25 instantly, and limited those calls to 30 seconds. Mr. Frechette said part of the reason he rarely talked on his phone was that he had an iPhone. But also, he said, most of his day was spent swapping short messages through services like Gmail, Facebook and Twitter. That way, he said, “you can respond when it’s convenient, rather than impose your schedule on someone else.” (^30) Others say talking on the phone is intrusive and time-consuming, while others seem to have no patience for talking to just one person at a time. “Even though in theory, it might take longer to send a text than pick up the phone, it seems less disruptive than a call,” said Jefferson Adams, a 44-year-old freelance writer living in San Francisco. By texting, he said, “you can multitask between two or three conversations at once.” (^35) American teenagers have been ahead of the curve for a while, turning their cell phones into texting machines; more than half of them send about 1,500 text messages each month, according to a recent study by the Pew Research Center’s Internet and American Life Project. Mrs. Colburn, from Massachusetts, said she caved to the pleading of her 12-year-old daughter Abigail for a cell phone to send text messages with her friends after she and her husband 40 discovered it was hindering her from developing bonds with her classmates. “We realized she was being excluded from party invitations and being in the know with her peers,” she said. Mrs. Colburn said texting had also become a much easier way to stay in touch with her daughter and receive quick updates about after-school plans. “The other night she texted me from upstairs to ask a vocabulary question,” she said with a laugh. “But I drew the line there. I went upstairs (^45) to answer it.” Adapted from: <www.nytimes.com>. Access on: may 15TH , 2010. 02 In the sentence “Even though in theory, it might take longer …” (ref. 30), “might” is correctly substituted by (A) ought to. (B) had to. (C) should. (D) could. (E) must. 03 Nos dois primeiros quadrinhos do texto, (A) alguém está furando a fila. (B) dois homens querem tomar sopa. (C) duas pessoas estão na fila errada. (D) alguém pergunta onde é a fila da sopa. (E) um homem se equivocou de fila.
Modais (II)
EsPCEx 163
04 Nas eleições do Reino de ID, (A) a escolha do governante é autoritária. (B) quem vota no rei sofre punição. (C) vota-se por escrito. (D) ninguém nota que há algo de errado nelas. (E) a votação é democrática. 05 No segundo quadrinho, a palavra can´t indica (A) proibição. (B) impossibilidade. (C) opção. (D) desconhecimento. (E) dedução. The following comic strip refers to questions. 06 Garfield is probably carrying the fridge because: (A) he should work out a little bit more. (B) he must provide food to all passengers on the plane. (C) he doesn’t have to take his luggage. (D) he had better eat more vegetables before he gets home. (E) he might feel hungry on the way.
Mammogram magic
No question^1 , the test saves lives. So why don’t more women go? Judith Mandelbaum Schmid FEW INTERVALS in a woman’s life are more unnerving than the ten minutes she spends with her breasts squeezed between heavy plates of plastic, trying not to move or breathe. Imagining what the high-tech equipment might reveal or fail to can be even worse. Dignity and discomfort aside, mammograms do^2 save lives. But too many women continue to question the test’s reliability and safety. Bottom line: breast cancer is highly curable, if caught early. But in order to be treated, it must^3 be detected. And while^4 mammography doesn’t have a 100-percent accuracy rate, it still is a woman’s best defense. (...) Vocabulário unnerving: amedrontadores squeezed: espremidos reliability: confiabilidade 07 Tendo em vista os seguintes elementos lingüísticos, julgue as afirmativas:
- No question (ref. 1) is a colloquial form for There is no question about it.
- do (ref. 2) gives emphasis to the idea of saving lives.
- must (ref. 3) can be substituted by will.
- while (ref. 4) introduces the idea that two actions are happening at the same time.
The guru effect
Why do designers of digital hard- and software have so much trouble with the simple notion that easy-touse means easy to use? I’ve long had a theory about this state of affairs, which I call the guru effect. Gurus, of course, are those technology-adept individuals in your company, your work group, your family, whom you call in when all else fails. My first inkling of the guru effect on ease-of-use came years ago, when I was writing a Newsweek story about computers in small business. I was interviewing a boss whose assistant was typing into a personal computer nearby. Midway through the interview she looked up and announced that her computer had crashed, and she needed to call “Lee” to reboot it. It was an Apple II — this was a long time ago — and I said, well, that’s not hard to reboot, let me do it for you. No, she said, only Lee can get this machine to start. OK, I said, and watched as Lee [TO COME] into the room, [TO SIT] down in front of the Apple II, lifted the lid and reached in to fiddle with something inside. He closed the lid, rebooted the computer successfully, then reached inside again to make another mysterious adjustment. About then he saw me watching, and it was clear I [TO KNOW] something about computers — including the fact that you didn’t have to reach into the circuit boards of an Apple II to reboot it. “Oh, well,” Lee said defensively, “that’s just a little tweak I put in to improve the performance.” Inglês – Assunto 18 164 Vol. 3
EXERCISES LEVEL 2
Brazil’s education challenge
in bid to be world player
Eric and Raquel live in Brazil’s biggest city, Sao Paulo, but although their schools are just 40km (25 miles) apart, there is a world of difference in the education they are getting. Raquel, 16, is in the last year at the private Colegio Vertice, where monthly fees are around 2,000 reais ($,1160; £740), twice the average monthly income. But there is a long waiting list of parents willing and able to pay for the best education possible for their children. This year, Colegio Vertice’s pupils scored the best marks in Brazil’s national school exams. “I feel that students here really want to learn. We have this goal, which is to get into university, and this goal drives us to study,” says Raquel. “I am aware of what I have and of the opportunities I have and I am aware that great parts of Brazil’s and the world’s population don’t have what we have.” The brightly painted school buildings spaced around shady courtyards are well cared for and decorated with pupils’ art work. Across town in Sao Paulo’s poor eastern suburbs, Eric, also 16, gets ready for class. His home, overlooking a slum where drug dealers rule, is close to his school but it is a walk along poor streets and past burned out cars. “Sometimes I see friends who don’t want to come to class so I try to convince them to come with me. But many say it’s no use because we learn nothing,” says Eric. Madre Paulina state school, where pupil performance was among the 20 worst in Sao Paulo last year, is a big, grim building covered with graffiti. Inside many doors, windows and desks are broken. “Nobody here is motivated, not even the teachers. How can that happen? These teachers are the people who have to prepare the doctors and engineers for the future,” says Eric. Over the last 15 years, Brazilian government programmes have managed to achieve near 100% attendance in basic education from ages seven to 14. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america- 01 According to the text say T for TRUE or F for FALSE. ( ) Eric and Raquel are the same age. ( ) They live in the same neighborhood. ( ) They study in the same school. ( ) Vertice is a very expensive school. ( ) They are good friends. The correct sequence is: (A) V, F, F, V, F. (B) F, V, V, F, V. (C) V, V, F, F, F. (D) F, F, V, V, V (E) V, F, V, F, V 02 According to the text, say T for TRUE or F for FALSE. ( ) Eric and Raquel both study in private schools. ( ) Eric and Raquel both study in public schools. ( ) They receive the same education in school. ( ) Their schools are in the same neighborhood. ( ) Their schools give the same level of education. The correct sequence is: (A) V, V, V, V,V. (B) F, F, F, F, V. (C) F, F, F, F, F. (D) V, V, V, V, F. (E) V, F, V, F, V. 03 The word “us” in the 4th paragraph is related to (A) students. (B) I. (C) Raquel. (D) we. (E) this goal. 04 According to the cartoon above, the guy:
- is a very good student
- loves being in school.
- is projecting a success career.
- thinks about graduating and getting a job.
- will probably become a couch potato. The correct option(s) is(are): (A) 1, 2, 3 , and 4. (B) 4 and 5. (C) 5. (D) 1 and 2. (E) 1, 3, and 5. 05 “Get fired” means (A) to find a new job. (B) to be dismissed from job. (C) to begin working at a new job. (D) to get a new job. (E) to have a job in a office. Inglês – Assunto 18 166 Vol. 3
06 Considering the context, “bankrupt” means: (A) ir à falência, mas ter dinheiro para pagar os débitos. (B) ir à falência e não ter dinheiro para pagar os débitos. (C) obter sucesso financeiro através da carreira profissional escolhida. (D) conseguir evoluir na pirâ mide social. (E) fundar uma instituiç ão financeira. 07 What is the Affinity Artists Agency an example of? (A) A talent agency that represents actors and actresses who have failed. (B) A talent agency that takes advantage of actors and actresses. (C) A talent agency that represents actors and actresses for many years during their career. (D) An agency that takes care of actors and actresses after their career ends. (E) A talent agency that helps untalented people to become famous actors and actresses. 08 A palavra highlight, na terceira linha, significa: (A) Iluminação. (B) Ponto fraco. (C) Prêmio. (D) Oscar. (E) Ponto alto. 09 How does Ross Grossman refers to Adam Sandler? (A) A celebrity. (B) A failure. (C) An excellent comedian. (D) A future agent. (E) A bunch. 10 According to the text, 60 Minutes is probably... (A) a movie. (B) a TV program. (C) the time. (D) a magazine article. (E) a newspaper. 11 The title of this magazine article refers to: (A) The many jobs talented people have during day-time. (B) The things people have to do to become famous. (C) The dirty things that happen in the show business. (D) All the business involved in the making of show business. (E) The need of shows for businessmen. 12 “New is interesting to them.” In this sentence, “them” refers to: (A) the public. (B) the famous people and the agents. (C) the agents. (D) the people who are not famous anymore. (E) the celebrities. 13 In the sentence “So it is a very fickle business”, the word fickle means: (A) weak. (D) prosperous. (B) strong. (E) stable. (C) unpredictable. NOTES
Modais (II)
EsPCEx 167
Vejamos alguns advérbios que ligam ideias: Conjunctive Adverbs also hence however still likewise otherwise therefore conversely rather consequently furthermore nevertheless instead moreover then thus meanwhile accordingly Fonte: www.virtualsalt.com Ex.: If the salmon is grilled, I will have that; otherwise, I might have the chicken. Ido not recommend that you play with a stick of dynamite lit at both ends. Rather, a ham sandwich would be better for you. Some conjunctions: After Depois de Although Mesmo que And E As Como As far as Até, no que diz respeito, As if Como se As long as Contanto que, tanto que As soon as Logo que As though Como se As well as Assim como, bem como Because Porque, pois, por isso Before Antes que Besides Além disso Both...and Tanto...quanto But mas Consequently consequentemente either... or Ou..ou Even if Ainda que Even though Ainda que For Porque, desde que For instance Por exemplo Futhermore Além disso Hence Por esse motivo However Porém If Se, caso In addition Além de In case (that) Se In order that Para que In order to Para que, a fim de que In such a way that De tal modo que just as... so too Não só...mas também Likewise Além disso Meanwhile Enquanto isso Moreover Além disso neither... nor Nem...nem Nevertheless Contudo Nonetheless Apesar de Nor Nem (e não) not only... but also Não só...mas também Now (That) Desde que On the other hand Por outro lado once Logo que Only if Somente se Or ou rather (than) Em vez de Since Uma vez que So Então, dessa forma That Em tal grau que Thereafter Depois de Therefore Portanto Though que Thus Assim Unless A não ser que Until até Whatever (adjective) O que quer que When Quando Whereas Por outro lado Wherever (adjective) Onde quer que Whether or not De um jeito ou de outro Whichever (adjective) Qualquer um que While Enquanto (pode indicar oposição também) whilst Mesmo que While Whoever (adjective) Qualquer pessoa que Yet Apesar de EXERCISES LEVEL 1 01 (Mackenzie 96) Indicate the correct alternative: I. Study harder; ... you’ll fail. II. I know nothing about it; ... , I can’t help you. III. The editors continue to publish, ... irregularly, two journals. IV. ... being a good actor, he is also an excellent soccer player. (A) I. otherwise; II. thus; III. despite; IV. Besides (B) I. although; II. therefore; III. for; IV. And (C) I. so; II. so that; III. but; IV. Moreover (D) I. or else; II. consequently; III. besides; IV. Also (E) I. also; II. as a consequence; II. I then; IV. In addition
Conjunctions/Linking words (Conjunções)
EsPCEx 169
02 (Uel 95) ... he is lazy, he makes a lot of money. (A) But (D) Unless (B) Thus (E) Although (C) Due to 03 (Cesgranrio 95) The sentence Though overshoppers later experience considerable remorse, they find shopping exciting contains an idea of: (A) addition (D) condition (B) alternative (E) contrast (C) cause 04 (Fgv 95) Marque a alternativa que contém a palavra que preenche melhor a lacuna do texto a seguir: The new economic order was supposed to bring rapid growth for the industrialized nations, as emerging capitalist countries joined a global free trade system ... brutal competition from the Third World and the Soviet block has stalled the developed nations. (A) because (D) therefore (B) instead (E) while (C) moreover 05 (Mackenzie 96) Indicate the alternative that best completes the following sentence: He had a headache; ... , he ... the invitation. (A) hence – declined (D) so – quit (B) then – dismissed (E) however – failed (C) otherwise – refused 06 (Cesgranrio 90) Mark the word that can appropriately be used to fill the blank and expand the sentence Men not only cry less frequently, ... they also do it somewhat differently. (A) yet (D) although (B) but (E) however (C) and 07 (Mackenzie 96) Yes, I know Mario quite well; ... , I ... to see him at the club last weekend. (A) furthermore – had (D) whereas – waited (B) thus – wanted (E) despite – liked (C) in fact – happened 08 (Unirio 96) The word SO in So despite the extent to which loneliness affects nearly everyone at various times, it presents a challenge to researchers expresses: (A) comparison. (D) contrast. (B) consequence. (E) cause. (C) purpose. 09 (Uel 97) Marque a alternativa correta: I’d like to talk to him ... he arrives. (A) while (D) as soon as (B) rather than (E) because (C) since 10 (Ufc 00) The sentence Yet their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country is equivalent in meaning to (A) In other words, their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country. (B) As a result, their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country. (C) In addition, their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country. (D) Similarly, their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own – and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country. (E) Still, their ambitions and their dreams are a mirror image of our own and our response to them says a great deal about us as individuals, as a country. EXERCISES LEVEL 2
Acupuncture Magazine – 1
Ask The Doctor
Q: I have chronic pain from a dislocated shoulder. I have done everything from minor surgery to clean out debris to steroid injections. Can acupuncture help me with the pain? A: Viveka S. Rucker, Dipl. Ac., writes - Yes, it is very likely that acupuncture can help your shoulder pain. Pain relief is one of the most widely utilized functions of acupuncture in our western culture, largely due to published studies showing that acupuncture causes the release of endorphins, the body’s own natural pain killers. Specifically, acupuncture has been very helpful for both acute and chronic shoulder pain. adapted from www.acupuncture.com UNIOESTE - PR 01 Assinale a(s) alternativa(s) correta(s) em relação ao texto :
- Em “Q” são apresentadas dúvidas dos leitores de ACUPUNCTURE magazine.
- O texto é organizado em forma de pergunta e resposta.
- É possível identificar o nome de um medicamento e o modo como deve ser ingerido.
- Um dos objetivos do texto é esclarecer a respeito de uma das possibilidades de uso da acupuntura.
- Apresentam-se os prós e contras da utilização da acupuntura.
- É possível identificar o nome de quem faz a pergunta.
- O texto afirma ser contra a prática da alopatia. 02 Assinale a(s) alternativa(s) correta(s) em relação ao texto:
- O texto descreve dois tipos de dores, acute e chronic.
- Os dados apresentados são fundamentados em estudos já publicados sobre o assunto.
- A endorfina é um medicamento fitoterápico.
- A endorfina age como defesa natural contra as dores.
- Segundo Viveka, a acupuntura é mais comumente conhecida pela sua eficácia no tratamento de alergias.
- Viveka afirma que as dores no ombro cessarão definitivamente com uma aplicação de acupuntura. Inglês – Assunto 19 170 Vol. 3
09 A frase Reprocessed burgers [...] are to be banned from schools under plans to crack down on junk food:
- Está no imperativo.
- Está no futuro.
- Está no particípio.
- Está no condicional.
- Está no present perfect.
- Está no conditional future.
- Está no present tense. 10 Na frase “We wholeheartedly support healthy schools programmes”, “we”, refere-se a:
- School leaders
- Children
- Vending machines
- School canteens
- Ruth Kelly
- Ruth Kelly e Mick Brookes.
Nature’s fury
About half of the population of Europe lives along rivers, but suddenly water was the bane of the Continent. Fed by torrential rains, floods from the Black see to the Baltic took roughly 100 lives, left thousands homeless and caused billions of dollars worth of damage to the farm, cities and hamlets of Central and Eastern Europe. In Austria the deluge caused an estimated $ 3 billion in damage. In eastern Germany, dozens of patients in Dresden’s hospitals, including a day - old, 700-g baby, had to be evacuated by car and helicopter. With the Elbe River rising to its highest level in history, rescuers worked frantically to move thousands of paintings, including Raphael’s Sistine Madonna last August. The most lethal of Europe’s recent disasters, however, was unrelated to the storms that so devasted Central Europe. Tourist settlements near the Russian Black Sea port were hit Aug. 8 by tornados and flash floods that destroyed 424 houses and killed 59 people. 11 De acordo com o texto, assinale a única alternativa correta: (A) Enchentes mataram cerca de mil pessoas e deixaram centenas de desabrigados. (B) Na Áustria, o dilúvio foi tão forte que chegou a matar dezenas de pacientes em um hospital. (C) As ondas do Rio Elbe subiram tanto, a ponto de arrastar milhares de quadros, incluindo o Sistine Madonna de Raphael. (D) Um bebê, de um dia, foi arrastado dentro de um carro para as águas do rio Elbe. (E) Nunca o nível das águas do rio Elbe tinha subido tanto quanto no ultimo mês de Agosto. 12 The underlined words in: “ floods from the Black Sea to the Baltic took roughly 100 lives...” means respectively: (A) enchentes, aproximadamente; (B) tempestades, aproximadamente; (C) furacões, rapidamente; (D) inundações, lentamente; (E) tornados, aproximadamente. 13 In the sentence: “ In Áustria the deluge caused na estimated $3 billion in damage” the urdelined word can be replaced by: (A) prejudice; (B) careful; (C) hamful; (D) harm; (E) damageable. NOTES
Inglês – Assunto 19 172 Vol. 3
Os tempos perfeitos do inglês estão sempre ligados à ideia de uma ação que acabou ou que começou no passado. O presente perfeito, por exemplo, indica que uma ação aconteceu em algum momento que não está indicado no texto ou que uma ação começou no passado e dura até o presente. O passado perfeito, por sua vez, indica uma ação que aconteceu no passado antes de outra ação também no passado (bem similar ao pretérito mais-que-perfeito da nossa língua portuguesa). Por fim, o futuro perfeito indica que em determinado momento do futuro, uma dada ação já terá sido finalizada. Forma dos tempos perfeitos: Sujeito + Verbo auxiliar – to have + Verbo principal do particípio passado. Importante:
- Auxiliar para os tempos perfeitos: to have
- Particípio passado do verbo:
- para os verbos de passado regular, o particípio é igual à forma de passado.
- para os outros verbos, os irregulares, é preciso aprender a forma do particípio passado. Present Perfect Antes de falar sobre os usos do Presente Perfeito, vamos ver a forma desse tempo verbal. Não vamos falar detalhadamente do uso desse tempo verbal porque não nos interessa saber tantos pormenores. O que mais importa é o reconhecimento desse tempo verbal e seu entendimento básico no texto. Sujeito + auxiliar (to have) no presente simples + verbo principal no particípio passado. Maria Marina has studied hard since last week Sujeito: Maria Marina Auxiliar: has Verbo principal: studied Quadro de formas Positive Negative Interrogative I have traveled. You have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled. We have traveled. You have traveled. They have traveled. I have not traveled. You have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled. We have not traveled. You have not traveled. They have not traveled. Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled? Have We traveled? Have you traveled? Have they traveled? Obs.: (A) Na forma negativa, “have +not” = “haven’t”, “has+not” = “hasn’t” (B) O verbo “to have” tem conjugação irregular. Por isso, na terceira pessoa do singular (he/she/it) a forma é “has”. Usos do presente perfeito 1. Usa-se para expressar uma ação que aconteceu em um tempo antes do agora. (A) Uma experiência que já aconteceu ou que ainda não aconteceu (até agora, o que não significa que nunca acontecerá). Ex: I have studied Math. I have never studied Computers. Have you ever studied French? No, I haven’t (I have never studied French). (B) Algo que acabou de se realizar. Ex: I have just finished my homework. John has just arrived from Japan. (C) Uma ação que ainda não se realizou e esperava-se que já estivesse completa. Ex: Julia has not finished her homework yet. I have not mastered French, but i can read. 2. Usa-se para expressar uma ação que aconteceu no passado e dura até o agora. Ex: I have been sick for two weeks. (I am still sick now) Julia has studied French since her test was announced last week. Diferença no uso de FOR e SINCE “FOR” denota ideia de um período de tempo, enquanto “Since” denota um ponto a partir do qual a ação se desenrolou. I have been here for two weeks - ênfase na duração da ação I have been here since July. - ênfase no momento em que a ação começou. Past Perfect A ideia principal que este tempo verbal traz é de uma ação que aconteceu antes de outra ação no passado (pretérito mais-que-perfeito). Estrutura do tempo: Sujeito + Auxiliar – HAVE – no passado simples + verbo principal no particípio passado. Quadro de formas Positive Negative Interrogative I had traveled. You had traveled. He had traveled. She had traveled. It had traveled. We had traveled. You had traveled. They had traveled. I had not traveled. You had not traveled. He had not traveled. She had not traveled. It had not traveled. We had not traveled. You had not traveled. They had not traveled. Had I traveled? Had you traveled? Had he traveled? Had she traveled? Had it traveled? Had We traveled? Had you traveled? Had they traveled? Ex.: She had met him before. (Ela já o tinha conhecido antes). We were sure that we had talked to them before. (Nós estávamos certo de que tínhamos falado com eles antes) I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Hawai. (eu nunca tinha visto uma praia tão bonita antes de ir ao Havaí) EsPCEx 173
Perfect tenses
Inglês
A ssunto
02 Complete the text. “Of course, they are no angels, but they __________________ us pretty well and they __________________ to kill us, like the Russian.” (Yelena Kapran, one of the hundreds of Russian civilians taken hostage in Budyonnovsk, after her release by Chechen Guerrillas.) (A) cared / attacked (B) treated / didn’t try (C) haven’t treated / haven’t tried (D) have worked / haven’t shooted 03 Complete the text. “Mr. Brooks __________ well since last year and ________________ help from any doctor until he _______________ at the dinner party.” (A) had felt / had sought / fainted (B) hasn’t felt / as sought / has faint (C) hasn’t felt / hasn’t sought / fainted (D) had felt / hadn’t sought / had been fainting Based on the text below, answer questions from 20 to 24. In Masai culture, when you really want to honor a woman, you refer to her as the mother of her oldest daughter. So last week, when a group of Masai schoolgirls in northern Tanzania held up a sign saying KARIBU MAMA CHELSEA, it _____________(I) more than just “Welcome Chelsea’s mom”. Hillary and Chelsea Clinton, on a good-will tour trip of several African countries, understood the compliment. They also understood that the sheltered First Daughter is developing a fan club of her own. Mrs. Clinton quickly noted that the Masai girls ________________________(II) to someone “more active than her mother,” and Chelsea took floor with ease. Asked about the problem of American youth, she mentioned the drug abuse and the ”hopelessness and cynicism” that plague many of her fellow teenagers. “The solutions ultimately have to come from the youth people themselves,” Chelsea concluded confidently. “We are the future, and we make of our future what we make of it.” 04 The verbal form to complete blank (I) is: (A) means (C) will mean (B) meant (D) has meant 05 The blank (II) is going to be filled with: (A) may enjoy talking (C) may to enjoy talking (B) might enjoy talking (D) might enjoyed to talk 06 The honor to a woman is to (A) refer to the daughter of her mother’s. (B) have the same of her daughter’s name. (C) be referred to as her daughter’s mother. (D) be called by the name of her daughter’s. 07 A lot of young people in the USA (A) believe in the future with great hope. (B) are drug addicted and feel little hope. (C) will follow Chelsea’s solutions themselves. (D) believe that a plague will get the teenagers. 08 In the text Chelsea: I. uses the floor to sit down. II. made many questions about the problems in the USA. III. creates a shelter in a fan club of her own. IV. was asked about young Americans’ problems. V. said the Clintons can make the future. (A) Only one sentence is true. (B) Only two sentences are true. (C) Only two sentences are false. (D) Four of the sentences are true. 09 “The paint is wet because he ___________ the picture”. (A) is just ending (B) just ended (C) have just ended (D) has just ending (E) Has just ended 10 Complete: A: “Would you like some more whiskey?” B: “No, thanks. I ____________________ a lot.” (A) have already drunk (B) have already drank (C) already drink (D) has already drunk (E) have already drinking EXERCISES LEVEL 2
Population
World population today stands at six billion, three billion more than in 1960. According to U.N. projections, another three billion will likely be added by 2050, and population size will eventually reach about 10 billion. Any discussion of global trends is misleading without taking account of the enormous contrasts among world regions. Today’s poorest nations is Africa, Asia and Latin America have rapidly growing and young populations, whereas in the technologically advanced and richer nations in Europe, North America and Japan, growth is near zero (or, in some cases, even negative), and populations are aging quickly. As a consequence, nearly all future global growth will be concentrated in the developing countries, where four fifths of the world population lives. The projected rise in population in the developing world between 2000 and 2025 (from 4,87 to 6,72 billion) is actually just as large as the record - breaking increase in the past quarter of a century. The unprecedented population expansion in the poorest parts of the world continues largely unabated. 01 According to the text, it is correct to say that: (A) The world population is decreasing; (B) Most of the world population lives in the developing countries; (C) There are no poor people in Europe, North America and Japan; (D) There is only advanced technology in Europe, North America and Japan. (E) The world population grew from three billion to six billion over the past sixty years.
Perfect tenses
APOSTILA 175
02 The underlined words in: “… population expansion in the poorest parts of the world…”, is in the superlative form. Mark the sentence that is also in the correct superlative form. (A) The projected rise in population in the developing world between 2000 and 2025 is as large as the record - breaking increase in the past quarter of a century. (B) World population today is bigger than in 1960. (C) One of the most difficult problems the world faces is the high concentration in the developing countries. (D) The more people know about the consequences, the better. (E) Despite the poverty, the people who live in Africa are the most happy of all. 03 The underlined word in: “The projected rise in population in the developing world between 2000 and 2025 is actually just as large as the record - breaking increase in the past quarter of a century”, can be replaced by: (A) nowadays; (D) hardly; (B) up-to-date; (E) indeed. (C) scarcely; 04 In the sentence: “… and the population size will eventually reach about 10 billion.” The underlined word means: (A) finalmente; (D) raramente; (B) eventualmente; (E) imediatamente. (C) dificilmente; Children,__________ are signing on to vegetarianism__________ faster than adults,_____________ be educating their parents. Vegetarian food sales are savoring double - digit growth. Top restaurants have added more meatless dishes. (Time, July 15, 2002) 05 Choose the best option to complete the text above: (A) That / a lot / may; (D) Who / much / should to; (B) Who / a lot of / cannot; (E) Who / much / may. (C) Whom / much / can;
The Daily news
DID SHE CRASH? Lae, New Guinea, July 2, 1937. Amelia Earthart’s small plane left the island fo Lae at exactly 12:00 midnight. She was not alone on the flight, but she and Fred Noonam, her navigator, were very tired. She reported her last position at 8:14 P.M. After that, she did not make radio contact again. Why did they disappear? Were they exhausted? Did they run out of gas? The U.S. Coast Guard started its search for the answer at 10:15 P.M. FUCKS, M & BONNER, Grammar Express NY Ed. Longman 2001 06 The phrasal verb “ run out” in the text above means: (A) Purchase; (B) Finish; (C) Fill in; (D) Turn; (E) Start. Dairy products and milk - which has been increasing replaced by soft drinks in the diets of both children and adults - are also fast emerging as dietary “goods”, despite the fact that a 340-g glass of skim milk has almost as many calories as a 340-g can of Coke. The reason may have to do with calcium, says Michael Zemel. Time September 2, 2002 07 The underlined words in the text, “ despite the fact that”,... Could be replaced by: (A) Hence; (B) Therefore; (C) Although; (D) Thus; (E) In spite. 08 Mark the option that completes the sentences: I. Chris got married__________ 18 May 1991; II. We often have a short holiday__________ Christmas. III. There are usually a lot of parties_______________ New Year’s Eve. IV. There’s nobody living__________________ the island. It’s uninhabited. V. It is terrible that some people are dying______________ hunger while others eat too much. (A) On/at/on/on/of; (B) In/at/in/on/of; (C) On/at/in/on/from; (D) At/at/on/in/of; (E) In/on/in/in/of. 09 Choose the best option to complete the sentence below: the witness had actually seen Jones fire the gun. (A) No; (B) None; (C) Any; (D) Not anybody; (E) None of. Inglês – Assunto 20 176 Vol. 3
