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Average Distance from the Sun Metric: 108,208,930 km English: 67,237,910 miles Scientific Notation: 1.0820893 x 108 km (.723332 A.U.) By Comparison: 0.723 x Earth Perihelion (closest) Metric: 107,476,000 km English: 66,782,000 miles Scientific Notation: 1.07476 x 108 km (0.718 A.U.) By Comparison: 0.730 x Earth Aphelion (farthest) Metric: 108,942,000 km English: 67,693,000 miles Scientific Notation: 1.08942 x 108 km (0.728 A.U.) By Comparison: 0.716 x Earth Equatorial Radius Metric: 6,051.8 km English: 3,760.4 miles Scientific Notation: 6.0518 x 103 km By Comparison: 0.9488 x Earth Equatorial Circumference Metric: 38,025 km English: 23,627 miles Scientific Notation: 3.8025 x 104 km Volume Metric: 928,400,000,000 km Scientific Notation: 9.284 x 1011 km By Comparison: 0.88 x Earth's
Mass Metric: 4,868,500,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Scientific Notation: 4.8685 x 1024 kg By Comparison: 0.815 x Earth Density Metric: 5.24 g/cm By Comparison: Comparable to the average density of the Earth. Surface Area Metric: 460,200,000 km English: 177,700,000 square miles Scientific Notation: 4.602 x 108 km By Comparison: 0.902 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity Metric: 8.87 m/s English: 29.1 ft/s By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 91 pounds on Venus. Escape Velocity Metric: 37,300 km/h English: 23,200 mph Scientific Notation: 1.036 x 104 m/s By Comparison: 0.927 x Earth Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day) -243 Earth days (retrograde) -5832 hours (retrograde) By Comparison: 244 x Earth Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year) 0.615 Earth years 224.7 Earth days By Comparison: 0.615 x Earth
Mars: The red planet Mars has inspired wild flights of imagination over the centuries, as well as intense scientific interest. Whether fancied to be the source of hostile invaders of Earth, the home of a dying civilization, or a rough-and-tumble mining colony of the future, Mars provides fertile ground for science fiction writers, based on seeds planted by centuries of scientific observations. We know that Mars is a small rocky body once thought to be very Earth-like. Like the other "terrestrial" planets - Mercury, Venus, and Earth - its surface has been changed by volcanism, impacts from other bodies, movements of its crust, and atmospheric effects such as dust storms. It has polar ice caps that grow and recede with the change of seasons; areas of layered soils near the Martian poles suggest that the planet's climate has changed more than once, perhaps caused by a regular change in the planet's orbit. Martian tectonism - the formation and change of a planet's crust - differs from Earth's. Where Earth tectonics involve sliding plates that grind against each other or spread apart in the seafloors, Martian tectonics seem to be vertical, with hot lava pushing upwards through the crust to the surface. Periodically, great dust storms engulf the entire planet. The effects of these storms are dramatic, including giant dunes, wind streaks, and wind-carved features. Scientists believe that 3.5 billion years ago, Mars experienced the largest known floods in the solar system. This water may even have pooled into lakes or shallow oceans. But where did the ancient flood water come from, how long did it last, and where did it go? In May 2002, scientists announced the discovery of a key piece in the puzzle: the Mars Odyssey spacecraft had detected large quantities of water ice close to the surface - enough to fill Lake Michigan twice over. The ice is mixed into the soil only a meter (about 3 feet) below the surface of a wide area near the Martian south pole. Many questions remain. At present, Mars is too cold and its atmosphere is too thin to allow liquid water to exist at the surface for
long. More water exists frozen in the polar ice caps, and enough water exists to form ice clouds, but the quantity of water required to carve Mars' great channels and flood plains is not evident on - or near - the surface today. Images from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft suggest that underground reserves of water may break through the surface as springs. The answers may lie deep beneath Mars' red soil. Unraveling the story of water on Mars is important to unlocking its past climate history, which will help us understand the evolution of all planets, including our own. Water is also believed to be a central ingredient for the initiation of life; the evidence of past or present water on Mars is expected to hold clues about past or present life on Mars, as well as the potential for life elsewhere in the universe. And, before humans can safely go to Mars, we need to know much more about the planet's environment, including the availability of resources such as water. Mars has some remarkable geological characteristics, including the largest volcanic mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons (27 km high and 600 km across); volcanoes in the northern Tharsis region that are so huge they deform the planet's roundness; and a gigantic equatorial rift valley, the Valles Marineris. This canyon system stretches a distance equivalent to the distance from New York to Los Angeles; Arizona's Grand Canyon could easily fit into one of the side canyons of this great chasm. Mars also has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos. Although no one knows how they formed, they may be asteroids snared by Mars' gravity. Mars: Facts & Figures Discovered By: Known by the Ancients Date of Discovery: Unknown Average Distance from the Sun Metric: 227,936,640 km English: 141,633,260 miles Scientific Notation: 2.2793664 x 108 km (1.523662 A.U.) By Comparison: 1.524 x Earth
Surface Area Metric: 144,100,000 km English: 89,500,000 square miles Scientific Notation: 1.441 x 108 km By Comparison: 0.282 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity Metric: 3.693 m/s English: 12.116 ft/s By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 38 pounds on Mars. Escape Velocity Metric: 18,072 km/h English: 11,229 mph Scientific Notation: 5.02 x 103 m/s By Comparison: Escape velocity of Earth is 25,022 mph. Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day) 1.026 Earth days 24.62 hours By Comparison: Earth's rotation period is 23.934 hours. Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year) 1.8807 Earth years 686.93 Earth days Mean Orbit Velocity Metric: 86,871 km/h English: 53,979 mph Scientific Notation: 24,130.9 m/s By Comparison: 0.810 x Earth Orbital Eccentricity . By Comparison: 5.59 x Earth
Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic 1.8 degrees Equatorial Inclination to Orbit
Orbital Circumference Metric: 1.366,900,000 km English: 849,400,000 miles Scientific Notation: 1.3669 x 109 km By Comparison: 1.479 x Earth Minimum/Maximum Surface Temperature Metric: -87 to -5 °C English: -125 to 23 °F Scientific Notation: 186 to 268 K Atmospheric Constituents Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen, Argon Scientific Notation: CO2, N2, Ar By Comparison: CO2 is responsible for the Greenhouse Effect and is used for carbonation in beverages. N2 is 80% of Earth's air and is a crucial element in DNA. Ar is used to make blue neon light blubs. Jupiter: With its numerous moons and several rings, the Jupiter system is a "mini-solar system." Jupiter is the most massive planet in our solar system, and in composition it resembles a small star. In fact, if Jupiter had been between fifty and one hundred times more massive, it would have become a star rather than a planet. On January 7, 1610, while skygazing from his garden in Padua, Italy,
actually three rings of microscopic debris from three small moons: Amalthea, Thebe, and Adrastea. Jupiter's ring system may be formed by dust kicked up as interplanetary meteoroids smash into the giant planet's four small inner moons. The main ring probably comes from the tiny moon Metis. In December 1995, NASA's Galileo spacecraft dropped a probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. Carrying six scientific instruments, the probe survived the crushing pressure and searing heat for nearly an hour, collecting the first direct measurements of Jupiter's atmosphere, the first real data about the chemistry of a gas planet. Following the release of the probe, the Galileo spacecraft began a multi-year orbit of Jupiter, observing each of the largest moons from close range several times. Jupiter: Facts & Figures Discovered By: Known by the Ancients Date of Discovery: Unknown Average Distance from the Sun Metric: 778,412,020 km English: 483,682,810 miles Scientific Notation: 7.7841202 x 108 km (5.20336 A.U.) By Comparison: 5.203 x Earth Perihelion (closest) Metric: 740,742,600 km English: 460,276,100 miles Scientific Notation: 7.407426 x 108 km (4.952 A.U.) By Comparison: 5.036 x Earth Aphelion (farthest) Metric: 816,081,400 km English: 507,089,500 miles Scientific Notation: 8.160814 x 108 km (5.455 A.U.) By Comparison: 5.366 x Earth
Equatorial Radius Metric: 71,492 km English: 44,423 miles Scientific Notation: 7.1492 x 104 km By Comparison: 11.209 x Earth Equatorial Circumference Metric: 449,197 km English: 279,118 miles Scientific Notation: 4.49197 x 105 km Volume Metric: 1,425,500,000,000,000 km English: 342,000,000,000,000 mi Scientific Notation: 1.4255 x 1015 km By Comparison: 1316 x Earth Mass Metric: 1,898,700,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Scientific Notation: 1.8987 x 1027 kg By Comparison: 317.82 x Earth Density Metric: 1.33 g/cm By Comparison: 0.241 x Earth Surface Area Metric: 62,179,600,000 km English: 24,007,700,000 square miles Scientific Notation: 6.21796 x 1010 km By Comparison: 121.9 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity Metric: 20.87 m/s English: 68.48 ft/s By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 214 pounds on Jupiter.
Orbital Circumference Metric: 4,774,000,000 km English: 2,996,000,000 miles Scientific Notation: 4.774 x 109 km By Comparison: 5.165 x Earth Effective Temperature Metric: -148 °C English: -234 °F Scientific Notation: 125 K Atmospheric Constituents Hydrogen, Helium Scientific Notation: H2, He Saturn: Saturn is the most distant of the five planets known to ancient stargazers. In 1610, Italian Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to gaze at Saturn through a telescope. To his surprise, he saw a pair of objects on either side of the planet, which he later drew as "cup handles" attached to the planet on each side. In 1659, Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens announced that this was a ring encircling the planet. In 1675, Italian-born astronomer Jean Dominique Cassini discovered a gap between what are now called the A and B rings. Like Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, Saturn is a gas giant. It is made mostly of hydrogen and helium. Its volume is 755 times greater than Earth's. Winds in the upper atmosphere reach 500 meters per second in the equatorial region. (In contrast, the strongest hurricane-force winds on Earth top out at about 110 meters per second.) These super- fast winds, combined with heat rising from within the planet's interior, cause the yellow and gold bands visible in its atmosphere.
Saturn's ring system is the most extensive and complex in our solar system; it extends hundreds of thousands of kilometers from the planet. In fact, Saturn and its rings would just fit in the distance between Earth and the Moon. In the early 1980s, NASA's two Voyager spacecraft revealed that Saturn's rings are made mostly of water ice, and they found "braided" rings, ringlets, and "spokes" - dark features in the rings that seem to circle the planet at a different rate from that of the surrounding ring material. Some of the small moons orbit within the ring system as well. Material in the rings ranges in size from a few micrometers to several tens of meters. Saturn has 34 known natural satellites (moons) and there are probably many more waiting to be discovered. The largest, Titan, is a bit bigger than the planet Mercury. Titan is shrouded in a thick nitrogen-rich atmosphere that might be similar to what Earth's was like long ago. Further study of this moon promises to reveal much about planetary formation and, perhaps, about the early days of Earth as well. In addition to Titan, Saturn has many smaller icy satellites. From Enceladus, which shows evidence of surface changes, to Iapetus, with one hemisphere darker than asphalt and the other as bright as snow, each of Saturn's satellites is unique. Saturn, the rings, and many of the satellites lie totally within Saturn's enormous magnetosphere, the region of space in which the behavior of electrically charged particles is influenced more by Saturn's magnetic field than by the solar wind. Images taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope show that Saturn's polar regions have aurorae similar to Earth's Northern and Southern Lights. Aurorae occur when charged particles spiral into a planet's atmosphere along magnetic field lines. Saturn: Facts & Figures Discovered By: Known by the Ancients Date of Discovery: Unknown Average Distance from the Sun Metric: 1,426,725,400 km English: 885,904,700 miles Scientific Notation: 1.4267254 x 109 km (9.53707 A.U.) By Comparison: 9.53707 x Earth
Surface Area Metric: 43,466,000,000 km English: 16,782,000,000 square miles Scientific Notation: 4.3466 x 1010 km By Comparison: 85.22 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity Metric: 7.207 m/s English: 23.64 ft/s By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 74 pounds on Saturn. Escape Velocity Metric: 127,760 km/h English: 79,390 mph Scientific Notation: 35,490 m/s By Comparison: Escape velocity of Earth is 25,022 mph. Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day) 0.44401 Earth days 10.656 hours By Comparison: .0445 x Earth Sidereal Orbit Period (Length of Year) 29.4 Earth years 10755.7 Earth days Mean Orbit Velocity Metric: 34,821 km/h English: 21,637 mph Scientific Notation: 9,672.4 m/s By Comparison: 0.865 x Earth Orbital Eccentricity . By Comparison: 3.24 x Earth
Orbital Inclination to Ecliptic 2.484 degrees Equatorial Inclination to Orbit 26.73 degrees By Comparison: 1.14 x Earth Orbital Circumference Metric: 8,725,000,000 km English: 5,421,000,000 miles Scientific Notation: 8.725 x 109 km By Comparison: 9.439 x Earth Effective Temperature Metric: -178 °C English: -288 °F Scientific Notation: 95 K Atmospheric Constituents Hydrogen, Helium Scientific Notation: H2, He By Comparison: Earth's atmosphere consists mostly of N2 and O2. Uranus: Once considered one of the blander-looking planets, Uranus (pronounced YOOR un nus) has been revealed as a dynamic world with some of the brightest clouds in the outer solar system and 11 rings. Uranus gets its blue-green color from methane gas above the deeper cloud layers (methane absorbs red light and reflects blue light). Uranus was discovered in 1781 by astronomer William Herschel, who at first believed it to be a comet. This seventh planet from the Sun is
Uranus: Facts & Figures Discovered By: William Herschel Date of Discovery: 1781 Average Distance from the Sun Metric: 2,870,972,200 km English: 1,783,939,400 miles Scientific Notation: 2.8709722 x 109 km (19.191 A.U.) By Comparison: 19.191 x Earth Perihelion (closest) Metric: 2,735,560,000 km English: 1,699,800,000 miles Scientific Notation: 2.73556 x 109 km (18.286 A.U.) By Comparison: 18.60 x Earth Aphelion (farthest) Metric: 3,006,390,000 km English: 1,868,080,000 miles Scientific Notation: 3.00639 x 109 km (20.096 A.U.) By Comparison: 19.76 x Earth Equatorial Radius Metric: 25,559 km English: 15,882 miles Scientific Notation: 2.5559 x 104 km By Comparison: 4.007 x Earth Equatorial Circumference Metric: 160,592 km English: 99,787 miles Scientific Notation: 1.60592 x 105 km
Volume Metric: 69,142,000,000,000 km Scientific Notation: 5.9142 x 1013 km By Comparison: 63.1 x Earth Mass Metric: 86,849,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg Scientific Notation: 8.6849 x 1025 kg By Comparison: 14.371 x Earth's Density Metric: 1.30 g/cm By Comparison: 0.236 x Earth Surface Area Metric: 8,115,600,000 km English: 3,133,400,000 square miles Scientific Notation: 8.1156 x 109 km By Comparison: 15.91 x Earth Equatorial Surface Gravity Metric: 8.43 m/s English: 27.7 ft/s By Comparison: If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 86 pounds on Uranus. Escape Velocity Metric: 76,640 km/h English: 47,620 mph Scientific Notation: 21,290 m/s By Comparison: 1.904 x Earth Sidereal Rotation Period (Length of Day) -0.7196 Earth days (retrograde) -17.24 hours (retrograde) By Comparison: 0.722 x Earth
