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Hondros Anatomy and physiology final
exam- LPN Questions And Answers
Matter - Correct Answer-Anything that occupies space and has weight -solid -liquid -gas Element - Correct Answer-Matter composed of atoms that have the same number of positive charges in their nuclei. Chemical bonds - Correct Answer-The electrical attraction between atoms Ionic bond - Correct Answer-Electrons that are transferred. Ions - Correct Answer-Atoms or groups of atoms that carry an electrical charge Two types of ions - Correct Answer-Cations- Positively charged Anions- Negatively charged Electrolytes - Correct Answer-Compounds that have ionic bonds Covalent bond - Correct Answer-Electrons are shared Molecule - Correct Answer-Two or more atoms are bonded together Compounds - Correct Answer-Two or more different atoms are bonded together Oxygen - Correct Answer-Is a molecule composed of two oxygen atoms and exists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide - Correct Answer-Is a compound that consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. Is a waste product so it must be eliminated from the body, mostly through the respiratory system. Chemical reaction - Correct Answer-The interaction of atoms of molecules or compounds to form new chemical combinations Catalysts - Correct Answer-Chemical substances that speed up the rate of a chemical reaction
Enzymes - Correct Answer-Proteins that serve as catalysts Forms of energy - Correct Answer--Mechanical -Chemical -Radiant -Thermal Solutions - Correct Answer-Have two parts that remain evenly distributed Solute - Correct Answer-Substances present in smaller amount; is the substance being dissolved Solvent - Correct Answer-Part of solution present in greater amount; does the dissolving Acid - Correct Answer-An electrolyte that releases H+ into an aqueous solution which raises the overall H+ concentration Base - Correct Answer-An electrolyte that releases OH- into a solution that combine with H+ and lower the overall H+ concentration pH - Correct Answer-Until of measurement indicating how many hydrogen ions are in a solution pH scale - Correct Answer-Ranges from 0- Acidosis - Correct Answer-To many H+ ions; pH is less than 7. Alkalosis - Correct Answer-To few H+ ions; pH greater than 7. Organic compounds - Correct Answer--Carbohydrates -Lipids -Proteins -Nucleic Acids Monosaccharides - Correct Answer-Single-sugar compounds -Glucose -Fructose -Galactose -Deoxyribose -Ribose Disaccharides - Correct Answer-Double-sugar compounds -Sucrose -Maltose -Lactose
Nucleic acids - Correct Answer-DNA and RNA; composed of nucleotides Cell membrane - Correct Answer-Regulates what enters and leaves the cell; semipermeable Nucleus - Correct Answer-Controls the workings of the entire cell Found within the nucleus: -Nucleoplasm: Gel-like substance -Nucleolus: Involved in synthesis of ribosomes -Chromatin: Threadlike structure that contains genes Cytoplasm - Correct Answer-A gel-like substance found inside the cell but outside the nucleus. It is composed of cytosol (gel-like) and organelles (little organs) Mitochondria - Correct Answer-Power plant of cell; energy factory; makes most of the ATP Ribosomes - Correct Answer-Site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Correct Answer-Network of membranes in cytosol -Rough ER: Fixed ribosomes on the surface -Smooth ER: No ribosomes; site of lipid and steroid synthesis Hormone steroids - Correct Answer--Testosterone -Cortisol -Progesterone -Estrogen -Aldosterone Anaerobic catabolism - Correct Answer-Metabolism results in 2 ATP and lactic acid (waste) Aerobic catabolism - Correct Answer-Metabolism results with the most CO2 and water in the mitochondria Golgi apparatus - Correct Answer-Packages protein in the golgi membrane Lysosomes - Correct Answer-Break down waste for "housekeeping" within the cell Cytoskeleton - Correct Answer-Composed of microfilaments and microtubules; provides intracellular shape and support Centrioles - Correct Answer-Help separate chromosomes during mitosis
Mitosis - Correct Answer-Cellular division in most cells (not gametes) and results in 46 chromosomes Microvilli - Correct Answer-Gives the cell structure/shape; helps moves water across the cell membrane Cilia - Correct Answer-Wavelike motions move substances across the cells surface Flagella - Correct Answer-Enable the sperm to swim Passive mechanism - Correct Answer-NO energy required -Diffusion -Facilitated diffusion -Osmosis -Filtration Active mechanisms - Correct Answer-USES ATP -Endocytosis -Exocytosis Phagocytosis - Correct Answer-Eats Pinocytosis - Correct Answer-Drinks Diffusion - Correct Answer-Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Equilibrium - Correct Answer-Point at which concentration is equal and no further net diffusion occurs Facilitated diffusion - Correct Answer-A helper molecule within the membrane assists with the movement of substances from higher to lower concentration Osmosis - Correct Answer-Movement of water (solvent) from area with more water to an area with less water Hypotonic solution - Correct Answer-More water, less solvent Hypertonic solution - Correct Answer-Less water, more solvent Tonicity - Correct Answer-Ability of a solution to affect the volume and pressure within a cell -Isotonic solution -Hypotonic solution -Hypertonic solution
What does it do? -Protection -Absorption -Filtration -Secretion -Transportation Connective tissue - Correct Answer-Types: -Loose connective -Dense fibrous -Adipose -Blood -Bone -Cartilage -Fibrous connective tissue What does it do? -Connection -Support -Protection -Fat storage -Transportation What does it look like? -Intracellular matrix -Protein fibers (collagen and elastic) -Contains fibroblast, osteocyte/clast, chondrocyte and maintains the matrix and fibers. Muscle tissues - Correct Answer-Composed of cells that contract to cause movement of a body part Types: -Skeletal- voluntary -Cardiac- involuntary -Smooth- involuntary Nervous tissue - Correct Answer-Types of cells: -Neuron -Neuroglia
- both of these are important because they transfer nerve impulses Layers of the skin - Correct Answer-Epidermis: -Stratum corneum -Stratum Lucidum -Stratum granulosum -Stratum spinosukm -Stratum basale (site of mitosis and contains melanocytes)
-(Come Lets Get Sun Burnt) Dermis Hypodermis Functions: -Serves as a mechanical barrier -Protects internal structures -Participates in the immune response -Acts as a gland for the vitamin D synthesis -Performs sensory role -Helps regulate body temperature Tissue repair (hemostasis) - Correct Answer-1. Wound
- Clot and scab
- Tissue repair begins
- Scar tissue
- Epithelial cells multiply by mitosis
- Scab detaches Epithelial membranes - Correct Answer--Mucous -Visceral -Parietal -Cutaneous Serous membranes - Correct Answer-Line the ventral body cavities that do not open to the exterior. Mucous membranes - Correct Answer-Line all body cavities that open to the exterior of the body -Respiratory -Digestive -Urinary -Reproductive Connective tissue membranes - Correct Answer--Synovial: lines joints -Meninges: lines central nervous system -Fascia: Found throughout the body Sebaceous glands - Correct Answer-Oil glands; secrete sebum; apocrine Sudoriforous - Correct Answer-Sweat glands; exocrine Changes in skin color - Correct Answer-Pallor- pale Cyanosis- blue Jaundice- yellow Blushing- red
-Thoracic cage: Ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae Bones of the skull - Correct Answer--Cranium: Frontal bone, parietal bones, temporal bones, occipital bone, sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone. -Facial bones: Maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, mandible. -Hyoid bone -Middle ear bones (ossicles): Malleus (anvil), incus (hammer), and stapes (stirrup). Cranium - Correct Answer--Temporal bone: External auditory meatus and mastoid process -Occipital bone: Foramen magnum Cranial bones - Correct Answer--Sphenoid bone: Sella trurica--> holds up pituitary gland -Ethmoid bone Paranasal sinuses - Correct Answer-Air filled cavities that lighten the skull and modulate the sound of the voice -Frontal -Ethmoidal -Sphenoidal -Maxillary Vertebral column - Correct Answer-Sections: -Cervical (C1-7) -Thoracic (T1-12) -Lumbar (L1-5) -Sacrum (S1-5) -Coccyx (C3-5) Remember as like you eat breakfast at 7am (cervical) lunch at 12pm (thoracic) and dinner at 5pm (lumbar, sacrum and coccyx). Disorders of the vertebral column - Correct Answer--Scoliosis: Lateral curve -Kyphosis: Hunchback -Lordosis: Swayback Thoracic cage - Correct Answer--Sternum: Manubrium (sternal angle), body and xiphoid process. -Ribs (12 pairs): 7 true ribs and 5 false ribs including 2 pairs of floating ribs Appendicular skeleton - Correct Answer--Pectoral girdle: Scapulae (2) and clavicles (2) -Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges -Pelvic girdle: Coxal bones (ischium, ilium and pubis), acetabulum -Lower limbs: Femur, patella, tibia, and fibula. Functions of the pelvic girdle - Correct Answer--Weight bearing -Attachment for lower limbs
-Protection of organs Types of joints - Correct Answer--Immovable: Synarthrosis -Slightly moveable: Amphiarthrosis -Freely moveable: Diarthrosis (hinge- elbows and knees) and (ball and socket-shoulders and hips) Articulating bones - Correct Answer--Tibiofemoral (knee): Tibia and femur -Humeroulnar (elbow): Humerus and ulna -Coxal (hip): Femur and acetabulum Types of joint movement - Correct Answer-Flexion-extension Inversion-eversion Supination-pronation Abduction-adduction Dorsiflexion-plantar flexion Hyperextension Circumduction Types of muscles - Correct Answer--Skeletal: Striated and voluntary -Smooth: Nonstriated and involuntary -Cardiac: Striated and involuntary Layers of connective tissue - Correct Answer--Fascia -Tendon Contractile proteins - Correct Answer--Actin -Myosin -Troponin-tropomyosin Calcium is stored away from the contractile proteins. It allows actin, myosin and ATP to interact, causing muscle contraction. When the muscle relaxes calcium returns to the storage. Somatic motor neuron - Correct Answer-Supplies skeletal muscle. It emerges from the brain and spinal cord and travels to the skeletal muscle. Neuromuscular junction (Synapsis) - Correct Answer--Space between motor neuron and muscle. -Site of ACH action and activation of muscle membrane. Transfer from neuron to NMJ - Correct Answer--Neuron stimulation causes an electrical impulses to move toward the neuron's end -Vesicles move toward and fuse with the membrane -ACH diffuses and binds to muscle membrane receptor sites -ACH stimulates receptors, causing an electrical impulse
Pituitary gland - Correct Answer-Anterior pituitary -Adenopophysis: Anterior pituitary gland is composed of glandular epithelial tissue -Controlled by releasing hormones of hypothalamus. Posterior pituitary -Neuropophysis: Posterior pituitary is composed of nervous tissue. -Extension of hypothalamus Remember hormones for anterior pituitary: -PRo: Prolactin -ATHletes: Adenocortotropic -Got- Gonadotrophins -To: TSH -GROW: Growth hormones Hormones for posterior pituitary: -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Oxytocin Thyroid gland hormones - Correct Answer--T3 and T4: Triiodthyronine and thyroxin -TSH from the pituitary gland stimulates T3 and T4 secretion into the blood -The thyroid gland also secretes calcitonin What thyroid hormones do? - Correct Answer-T3 and T -Regulate metabolism -Permit proper functioning of all other hormones (increase the effects of epinephrine) -Promote normal maturation of the nervous system -Promote normal growth and development Calcitonin -Helps regulate calcium levels in the blood Abnormal thyroid secretion - Correct Answer-Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of T3 and T -Results in a slowed-down metabolic rate or myxedema Hyperthyroidism: Excess of T3 and T -Causes accelerated metabolic rate or Graves disease The need for iodine - Correct Answer--T3= Triiodthyronine -T4=Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) -Iodine essential for synthesis of T3 and T -Iodine deficiency causes goiter or enlargement of thyroid gland (iodine deficiency interferes with negative feedback loop) Four parathyroid glands - Correct Answer--Lie along the posterior wall of the thyroid gland -Are most important regulator of blood calcium -Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) which elevates blood calcium level.
Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium - Correct Answer-Three mechanisms: -Bone: Reabsorption -Kidney: Reabsorbs Ca2+ from urine -Intestine: Absorbs dietary Ca2+ Abnormal thyroid secretion - Correct Answer-Hypothyroidism -Deficiency of T3 and T -Results in slowed down metabolic rate or myxedema Hyperthyroidism -Excess of T3 and T -Causes accelerated metabolic rate or Graves' disease Blood calcium imbalances - Correct Answer-Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin in response to elevated blood calcium level Calcitonin lowers blood calcium level -By bone by stimulating osteoblastic activity -By kidney by excreting excess calcium Parathyroid glands: abnormal secretion - Correct Answer--Hyposecretion: Hypocalcemic tetany, causing carpal spasm; Addison's disease -Hypersecretion: Hypercalcemia "Bones, stones, moans, and groans."; cushion's syndrome Adrenal glands - Correct Answer-Adrenal medulla -Inner region -Secretes catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) Adrenal cortex -Outer region -Secretes steroids Located above the kidneys Adrenal medulla - Correct Answer-Extension of the SNS Fight or flight response -Increases heart rate and blood pressure -Mobilizes body for emergencies Catecholamines- secretes -Epinephrine -Norepinephrine Adrenal cortex: steroids - Correct Answer-Sugar: Glucocorticoids
EX: Taste and smell Thermoreceptors - Correct Answer-Changes in temperature Ex: heat and cold Nociceptors - Correct Answer-Tissue damage Ex: pain Mechanoreceptors - Correct Answer-Changes in pressure or movement of fluids Ex: hearing and equilibrium Cells that make up the nervous system - Correct Answer-Neuroglia -Support, protect, insulate, nourish and generally care for neurons Neurons -Do the communicating for the nervous system Types of neurons - Correct Answer-Sensory (afferent) neurons -Carry information from periphery toward the CNS Motor (efferent) neurons -Carry information from CNS toward periphery Interneurons -Found only in CNS; connect neurons with neurons White matter vs. Gray matter - Correct Answer--White matter: Made up of axons -Gray matter; Made up of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies and synapses Nerve impulse - Correct Answer-Polarization: Resting state -K+ leaks from neuron -Determines resting membranes potential Depolarization: Stimulated state -Na+ rushes in Repolarization: Return to resting -K+ rushes out Action potential - Correct Answer--Starts at the cell body and conducted toward the axon terminal -Releases ACh from synaptic vesicles Four major areas of the brain - Correct Answer--Cerebrum -Diaencephalon -Brain stem -Cerebellum
Cerebrum - Correct Answer-Cerebral cortex -Made up of the gray matter -Outermost portion of the cerebrum White matter -Makes up the bulk of the cerebrum -Located right below the cerebral cortex Gyrus (convolution) Fissures (sulci) -Central -Lateral -Longitudinal Lobes - Correct Answer-Frontal -Behavior -Personality -Motor control Parietal -Somatosensory area -Gustatory area Temporal -Auditory cortex -Gustatory area -Olfactory area Occipital -Visual cortex Brain stem - Correct Answer-Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata -Vital center ~ Cardiovascular ~ Respiratory ~ Wake/sleep (consciousness) Emetic center Cerebellum - Correct Answer--Coordinates motor activity -Evaluates sensory input Structures across divisions of the brain - Correct Answer-Limbic system -Emotional brain
-Blood from the vena cava enter the right atria then through the atrioventricular tricuspid valve enter the right ventricle and from there is pushed out of the heart through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk to the lungs Heart sounds (Korticoff noises) - Correct Answer--First heart sound: Is caused by the closing of the atria-ventricular valve (tricuspid on the right side of the heart and bicuspid on the left side of the heart) -Second heart sound: Is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) Cardiac output - Correct Answer-Is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a left or right ventricle in the time interval of one minute Stroke volume - Correct Answer-Is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat Factors that increase and decrease heart rate - Correct Answer-Increase -Norepinephrine/epinephrine, SNS increased activity, stress, increase in temperature, electrolytes balance, anticholinergic drugs Decrease -Acetylcholine, PNS increased activity, rest, decrease in temperature, electrolytes balance. ECG (EKG) - Correct Answer-Atria -Atrial depolarization ( atrial contaction= systole) : P wave Ventricles -Ventricular depolarization (ventricular contraction= systole):QRS complex -Ventricular depolarization (ventricular relaxation= diastole): T wave Blood pressure - Correct Answer--The highest blood pressure in the body in the aorta -Arteries have the bigger blood pressure than veins (systemic circuit) -Arterioles have higher blood pressure than venules Blood pressure decreases in the following order: -Aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava inferior and superior Vascular circuits - Correct Answer-Sytemic circuit -Heart to body, body to heart (arteries are Red- oxygenated blood, veins are blue- deoxygenated blood) Pulmonary circuit -Heart to lungs, lungs to heart (arteries are blue- deoxygenated blood, veins are red- oxygenated blood)
The left ventricle pushes blood out of the heart into the aorta to the body The right ventricle pushes blood out of the heart into the pulmonary trunk to the lungs Veins vs. arteries - Correct Answer-Veins: toward the heart; BP is low Arteries: away from the heart; BP is high Brains blood supply - Correct Answer-Found in the base of brain -left and right internal carotid arteries Special circulation - Correct Answer--Portal vein carries unoxygenated blood from organs of digestion -Hepatic vein carries blood from liver to IVC -Hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to liver Fetal circulation - Correct Answer--Umbilical blood vessels -Ductus venous -Foramen ovale -Ductus arteriosis Periphery: -Umbilical vein brings oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus -Ductus venous bypasses fetal liver to deliver blood to IVC -Two umbilical arteries bring blood from fetus to placenta Five function of blood vessels - Correct Answer--Act as a delivery system -Regulate blood pressure -Engage in the exchange of nutrients and waste between the capillaries and cells -Redistribute blood in response to changing body needs -Help regulate body temperature BP in different blood vessels - Correct Answer--Highest in aorta -Lowest in vena cava -High pressure (aorta0 pushes blood to low pressure (vena cava) Slower acting mechanisms - Correct Answer-Hormones -Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone: activation of this mechanism increases blood volume and causes vasoconstriction -Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) -Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Organs of the respiratory system - Correct Answer-Upper respiratory tract -Organs located outside of the chest Lower respiratory tract
