Engineering Disciplines and Specializations: A Study Guide for ENGE 1024 Final Exam - Prof, Study notes of Engineering

An overview of various engineering disciplines, their specializations, and related jobs. It covers mechanical, electrical, materials, and computer engineering, along with interdisciplinary fields like mechatronics and nanotechnology. The document also discusses engineering ethics and cases, including the intel pentium chip issue and tacoma narrows bridge failure.

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Pre 2010

Uploaded on 10/31/2010

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ENGE 1024 Final Exam Study Guide
Introduction to Engineering and Engineering Study
p.1-24
“What do Engineers do?”
Mechanical Engineering:
- concerned with the analysis, design and development of structures, machines, devices, and mechanical
systems
- perhaps broadest of engineering disciplines
- covers multiple technical fields classified in:
1. Solid mechanics
2. Fluid mechanics
3. Thermodynamics
4. Mechanical design
- solid mechanics- concerned with analyzing the behavior of solid bodies subjected to stresses and
external loads
Jobs: bioengineering, aerospace, tribology, acoustics, management, nondestructive evaluation,
and dynamic systems and control
-fluid mechanics- concerned with the behavior of liquids and gases and the design and development of
machinery
Jobs: meteorology, oceanography, acoustics, fluid power systems, aerodynamics, pressure
vessels
-thermodynamics-concerned with the conversion of one form of energy to another
Jobs: environmental control, heating, ventilation, pollution control, alternative fuel sources
-mechanical design- translates an idea, demand, or identified need into a working prototype of a
product or service
Interdisciplinary:
-mechatronics- control and automation engineering, mechatronics combines the disciplines of
mechanics, electronics, and computing to design, manufacture, and control advanced hybrid systems.
-micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)- “the technology of the very small”. The integration
of mechanical engineering with microelectronics
-nanotechnology- technology at the molecular level
Electrical Engineering:
-embodies the study of all things electrical
-five major specialties:
1. Electric power engineering- design, develop, and maintain systems and devices for the generation
2. Communications- concerned with the transmission of information using wires, coaxial cable, fiber
optics, or radio.
3. Control systems engineering- concerned with the design and development of machines or systems
that control automated processes
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ENGE 1024 Final Exam Study Guide Introduction to Engineering and Engineering Study p.1- “What do Engineers do?” Mechanical Engineering:

  • concerned with the analysis, design and development of structures, machines, devices, and mechanical systems
  • perhaps broadest of engineering disciplines
  • covers multiple technical fields classified in:
  1. Solid mechanics
  2. Fluid mechanics
  3. Thermodynamics
  4. Mechanical design
  • solid mechanics- concerned with analyzing the behavior of solid bodies subjected to stresses and external loads Jobs: bioengineering, aerospace, tribology, acoustics, management, nondestructive evaluation, and dynamic systems and control
  • fluid mechanics- concerned with the behavior of liquids and gases and the design and development of machinery Jobs: meteorology, oceanography, acoustics, fluid power systems, aerodynamics, pressure vessels
  • thermodynamics-concerned with the conversion of one form of energy to another Jobs: environmental control, heating, ventilation, pollution control, alternative fuel sources
  • mechanical design- translates an idea, demand, or identified need into a working prototype of a product or service Interdisciplinary:
    • mechatronics - control and automation engineering, mechatronics combines the disciplines of mechanics, electronics, and computing to design, manufacture, and control advanced hybrid systems.
    • micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) - “the technology of the very small”. The integration of mechanical engineering with microelectronics
    • nanotechnology - technology at the molecular level Electrical Engineering: -embodies the study of all things electrical -five major specialties:
  1. Electric power engineering- design, develop, and maintain systems and devices for the generation
  2. Communications- concerned with the transmission of information using wires, coaxial cable, fiber optics, or radio.
  3. Control systems engineering- concerned with the design and development of machines or systems that control automated processes
  1. Digital systems engineering- draw on expertise in the areas of digital system design and digital electronics to design hardware for a broad range of applications
  2. Electronics- concerned with the design and development of electronic devices and electrical circuits for the production, detection, and control of electrical signals Civil Engineering: -plan, design, construct, operate, and maintain many of the structures and facilities around us -vast employment opportunities -planning, design, construction, research, teaching, sales, management -seven major specialties:
  3. Construction Engineering- combine engineering and management to plan and complete projects
  4. Environmental Engineering- provide technical solutions to environmental problems
  5. Geotechnical Engineering- analysis of the properties of soil and rock that support and influence the behavior of structures, pavements, and underground facilities
  6. Structural Engineering- responsible for the planning and design of all types of structures
  7. Surveying- use precise measurements to obtain reliable information to locate and design engineering projects
  8. Transportation Engineering- plan, design, construct and manage all types of transportation facilities
  9. Water Resource Engineering- control and use of water Chemical Engineering: -design, build, maintain, and develop the complex systems required to convert the laboratory experiment into an industrial operation of large-scale production -jobs in chemical, petrochemical, food-processing, forestry, pharmaceutical
  • six major specialties:
  1. Polymer Engineering- area of material engineering
  2. Biotechnology- apply life science to design, develop, and operate complex processes for the manufacture of new products
  3. Process control engineering- design and development of control systems to maintain the efficient operation of large scale industrial processes
  4. Environmental engineering- designing and developing technical and economically feasible solutions to environmental problems
  5. Environmental management- design and implementation of optimal operating conditions
  6. Oil and natural gas- produce, refine, and process natural gas and petroleum Industrial Engineering: -concerned with efficiency, how to design, organize, implement and operate the basic factors of production (materials, equipment, people, information, and energy) in the most efficient manner possible -optimum performance, reliability, cost efficiency, quality control, plant design, management of human resources -specializations in:

Job Classifications:

  • Analytical Engineer- concerned mainly with the mathematical modeling and analysis of engineering problems
  • Experimental Engineer- concerned with physical prototypes
  • Design Engineer- involved in all aspects of the design process
  • Research Engineer- the development of new products, designs, and processes
  • Test Engineer- test new and existing products and processes to see if they comply with the required design specifications
  • Town Engineer- responsible for supervision and preparation of project plans for a particular town
  • Quality Engineer- concerned primarily with product and serviced quality evaluation and control
  • Consulting Engineer- works as an independent professional; required to register as professional engineers
  • Engineering Management- engineers who combine engineering skills with managerial abilities to direct resources towards the efficient production of goods and services
  • Engineering Professor- employed by colleges and universities as teachers and researchers. Engineering Analysis: -analytical solution of an engineering problem, using mathematics and principles of science -mathematics: algebra, trig, calculus, statistics, linear algebra, differential equations, complex variables -principles and laws of physics and chemistry -design is the heart of engineering -Engineering design- a process of devising a component, system, or operation that meets a specific need -analysis is a decision making tool -failure examples:
  1. Tacoma narrows bridge- failed to consider aerodynamic aspects of the design
  2. Challenger- shouldn’t have launched in the cold, disregarded warnings -engineers learn from their failures What is Design?
  • To create, fashion, execute or construct according to plan
  • Open ended process where more than one feasible solution may exist
  • Good v. Bad Design: to decide must answer the following question
  1. Does the product meet technical requirements?
  2. Does the product work?
  3. Does the product meet cost requirements?
  4. Will the product need extensive maintenance?
  5. Is the product safe?
  6. Does the product create an ethical dilemma?

THE DESIGN CYCLE

  1. Define the Overall Objectives
  2. Gather Information
  3. Choose a Design Strategy
  4. Make a First Cut Design
  5. Model and Analyze (could go before step 4)
  6. Build, Document, Test
  7. Revise and Revise again
  8. Test the Product Thoroughly BRAINSTORMING (general rules)
  9. No holding back
  10. No boundaries
  11. No criticizes
  12. No dismissing
  13. No limit
  14. No restrictions
  15. No shame Example of ways to brainstorm: Formal:
  • Idea chaos- many ideas randomly brought to the floor by a large group
  • Idea trigger- listening to people’s ideas and being forces to present counter ideas 3 phases:
  1. Idea generation phase
  2. Idea Trigger Phase
  3. Compilation Phase Informal:
  • No organizing or planning needed
  • Can be done anywhere with any number of people Idea Diagram:
  1. This carefully about design assessment
  2. Open you logbook
  3. Collect facts that relate to your possible design problem
  4. Converge on the best solution to the problem
  5. Organize your facts, tests, and concepts into an initial working prototype
  • Combination of controls and indicators
  • Control- input devices
  • Indicators- output devices The Block Diagram
  • Nodes- program execution elements
  1. Functions
  2. subVI nodes
  3. structures
  • Terminals- ports through which data passes between the block diagram and the front panel and between nodes of the block diagram -analogous to parameters, constants
  1. control terminal- think borders
  2. indicator terminal- thin borders
  3. node terminal
  4. constants
  5. specialized terminals
  • Wires- data paths between terminals (same color as terminal) Vocabulary
  • Boolean controls and indicators- front panel objects used to manipulate and display or input and output Boolean (True or False data)
  • Connector- part of the VI or function node that contains its input and output terminals, through which data passes to and from the node
  • Connector pane- region in the upper right corner of the front panel that displays the VI terminal pattern. It underlies the icon pane
  • Data flow programming- programming system consisting of executable nodes in which nodes execute only when they have received a;; required input data and produce output automatically when they have executed
  • G programming language- graphical programming language used in LabVIEW
  • Icon- graphical representation of a node on a block diagram
  • Icon pane- region in the upper right corner of the front panel and block diagram, that displays the VI icon
  • Input terminals- terminals that emit data. Sometimes called source terminals
  • Modular programming- programming that uses interchangeable computer routines
  • Numeric controls and indicators- front panel objects used to manipulate and display numeric data
  • Output terminals- terminals that absorb data. Sometimes called destination terminals
  • String controls and indicators- front panel objects used to manipulate and display or input and output text
  • Terminals- objects or regions on a node through which data passes
  • Tip strips- small yellow text banners that identify the terminal name and make it easier to identify function and node terminals for wiring
  • Wire- data path between nodes
  • Wiring tool- tool used to define data paths between source and sink terminals Structures
  • Govern the execution flow in a VI THE FOR LOOP:
  • Two terminals: the count terminal (input terminal) and the iteration terminal (an output terminal) WHILE LOOP:
  • Repeats a section of code SHIFT REGISTERS AND FEEDBACK NODES:
  • Shift registers- transfer values from one iteration of a For Loop or While Loop to the next (right- up; left- down) Common Problems:
  • Failing to wire a tunnel in all cases of a Case structure
  • Overlapping tunnels
  • Wiring underneath rather than through a structure Vocabulary:
  • Case structure- a condition branching control structure that execute one and only one of its sub- diagrams, based on specific inputs. It is similar to If-Then-Else and Case statements in conventional programming languages
  • Coercion- the automatic conversion performed in LabVIEw to chance the numeric representation of a data element
  • Coercion dot- dot that appears where LabVIEW is forced to convert a numeric representation of one terminal to match the numeric representation of another terminal
  • Conditional terminal- the terminal of a While Loop that contains a Boolean value that determines whether the loop performs another iteration
  • Control flow- determining the execution order of a program by arranging its elements in a certain sequence
  • Count terminal- the terminal of a For Loop whose value determines the number of times the For Loop executes
  • Data dependency- the concept that block diagram nodes do not execute until data is available at all the node inputs
  • Example- the output of a transistor- transistor logic switch Digital Signals- Pulse train
  • Consists of a series of state transitions
  • Information contain in the number of state transitions, the rate at which the transitions occur, and the time between one or more state transitions Analog DC Signals:
  • Convey information in the level of the signal at a given instant
  • accuracy measured level is of more concern than the time or rate at which you take the measurement Analog Ac Signals:
  • convey useful information in the signal level (or amplitude) and the way this level varies with time
  • information associated- time to peak, peak magnitude, time to settle, slope, and shapes of peaks Analog Frequency Domain Signals:
  • convey information in the way the signals vary with time
  • converted by performing mathematical operations of their time-domain counterparts
  • must include fundamental hardware components (ADC, sample clock, trigger) Signal Conditioning-
  • transducer excitation
  • linearization
  • isolation
  • filtering
  • amplification Steps to Signal Input Range Selection:
  1. select a device range
  2. determine the code width
  3. choose a signal input range
  4. repeat steps 1 through 3 for a range of ± 10 V ETHICS: p. 283- Professions:
  • Attributes:
    1. Work that requires sophisticated skills, the use of judgment, and the exercise of discretion. Also, the work is not routine, not capable of being mechanized
    2. Membership in a profession requires extensive formal education
    3. The public allows special societies that are controlled by members of the profession to set standards for admission to the profession, to set standards of conducts for members, and to enforce these standards
    4. Significant public good results from the practice of the profession
  • Judgment- making significant decisions based on formal training and experience
  • Discretion- confidentiality; ability to make decisions autonomously
  • Conclusion: Engineering is a profession Code of Ethics:
  • Provides a framework for ethical judgment for a professional
  • Starting point to ethical decision making
  • Do not establish new ethical principles
  • Defines the roles and responsibilities of professionals
  • Never a substitute for fine judgment
  • Doesn’t create new moral or ethical principles Cases: The Intel Pentium Chip:
  • Intel released a new Pentium chip in 199, that they knew was defective, but they released it anyways. At first they denied that they knew it was defective. They later stated that they knew it was defective but thought it would only affect those doing technical work. They agreed to replace those who needed the replacement, but then there was a demand to change all of the chips. They eventually had to replace all of the chips. Intel learned from this experience and in later problems automatically confessed to the problems instead of attempting deny them and not have to replace the chips. Runway Concrete at the Denver International Airport:
  • Concrete company tried to maximize its profit by diluting the concrete used for the runways at DIA. Though they barely met specifications they still passed. This is unethical because they did not tell anyone what they were doing and could have caused significant damage to the runways in the long run Competitive Bidding and the Paradyne Case:
  • Paradyne falsified its computer’s qualifications to secure the winning bid and when investigated to win the bid were not accessed to see if they were telling the truth about their product.
  • The Disaster at Bhopal: Leak of MIC tank. Had many factors, who to blame is the problem. Knowing that there was a problem and not doing anything about it was a major component which led for the Indian government to be blamed.
  • The Aberdeen Three: Managers may not have directly caused the problem but because they knew and didn’t do anything about it they are just as responsible and in turn were prosecuted. Nanotechnology:
  • “nano”- one billionth
  • Nanotechnology- control of matter on atomic/ molecular scale
  • Bottoms-up approach
  • Top-down approach
  • Atom- 0.1 to 0.5 nm
  • Quantum mechanics- quantum scale smaller than nano scale
  • Self assembly- disordered system of components forms organized structure or pattern with specific, local interactions among components
  • Self organization- process of attraction and repulsion through which internal organization of a system increases in complexity without being guided or managed
  • Tackling nanoscale problems: calculations start directly at the level of established laws in physics, fewer assumptions involved, fundamental principals include mechanics and quantum mechanics
  • Newton’s Laws:
  1. An object stays at rest or continuous at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an external unbalanced force
  2. F=ma; the net force on an object equals the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration
  3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
  • Molecular Mechanics: Newton’s Laws of Motion can be applied to model the nanoscale
  • The same physical laws that govern flows at the micro- and macroscales adequately describe nanoscale flows in the absence of strong interfacial forces
  • Interfaces are the issue- effects of interfaces are masked on larger scales
  • Material behavior is different at the nanoscale
  • Nanotechnology is vast- the improvement of things at a very small scale; does not apply to a single field or discipline
  • Ethical issues: nanotechnology predicted to provide inexpensive sustainable energy, environmental remediation, advances in medical diagnosis and treatment, more powerful IT capabilities
  • Ethical concern that broad patents could be granted for emerging technologies Quizes: Quiz 1:
  • 7 steps of general analysis procedure:
  1. Problem statement
  2. Diagram
  3. Assumptions
  4. Governing equations
  5. Calculations
  6. Solution check
  7. Discussion
  • Tacoma narrows bridge failed because engineers failed to conduct aerodynamic analysis of the design of the suspension bridge
  • Failure is a part on engineering
  • Industrial Engineering contains: Manufacturing, engineering management, facility design, quality control, management decision making, ergonomics, work design
  • Research engineer is “Concerned with the development of new products, designs and processes”
  • Chemical engineering contains: polymer engineering, biotechnology, process control engineering, environmental engineering, engineering management, and oil and natural gas
  • Manufacturing engineering is a narrowly focused engineering discipline Quiz 2:
  • “Cheating” according to the VT honor code includes: taking a test for another student, working with another student on homework even though the professor said that work was to be done individually
  • According to the VT honor code plagiarism is “the copying of the language, structure, programming, computer code, ideas, and/or thoughts of another and passing off the same as one’s own original work, or attempts thereof.”
  • Hidden line- dashed line in sketches
  • Third angle projection- typically used in North America
  • Typical requirement for becoming a professional engineer (PE)- graduate from an ABET accredited engineering school Quiz 3:
  • Do not limit the number of ideas is a guideline for brainstorming
  • Multiview sketches- sketches that represent an object in a series of projections, each showing only two or three dimensions
  • According to entrance/ exit line rules for flowcharting symbols, an input/output symbol should have one line in and one line out
  • Only two words may be used in a terminator symbol: START and STOP
  • Choose a design strategy is a step of the design cycle Quiz 5:
  • Calibrations are “numerical values assigned to graduations”
  • Functions- “built in nodes for performing elementary operations such as adding numbers, file I/ O, or string formatting”
  • Short cut CTRL + H will activate/ deactivate context help
  • If all indicators are NOT placed on the right side of the block diagram, the VI WILL execute
  • There is an “i” inside of the terminal that keeps track of the number of times a loop has executed Quiz 9
  • The i terminal of the FOR and WHILEA loops counts iterations
  • To transfer values from one iteration of a FOR or WHILE loop to the next, one should use shift registers
  • The random number tool (looks like a pair of dice), will create a random number between 0 and 1
  • A WHILE loop executes 1 or more times
  • If you need to stop your LabVIEW Vis, use the Stop button on the front panel
  • The WHILE loop is a post-test loop Quiz 10
  • “giga” stands for a multiple of 1,000,000,
  • The stiffness of a carbon nanotube is five times greater than the stiffness of steel
  • Physics, mathematics, and chemistry are involved in nanotechnology
  • Common water quality parameters include: pH, dissolved oxygen, temperatures, and conductivity
  • Quantum dot- a nanostructure semiconductor crystal that glows when stimulated by ultraviolet light
  • “In contrast to the analytical engineer, the experimental engineer is concerned mainly with physical prototypes.”
  • A nested FOR loop is a FOR loop inside of another FOR loop
  • Moles are given in SI units
  • One billion nanometers are in a meter
  • An example of top-down approach is Michelangelo chiseling a block of granite to create a sculpture Lecture Notes: Honor Code Violations:
  • Cheating- giving or receiving any unauthorized aid
  • Plagiarism- copying
  • Falsification- statement of any untruth Honor System Classifications and Sanctions:
  • Class I- single weighted zero on assignment, 25 hours of university service
  • Class II- double weighted zero on assignment, 50 hours of university service
  • Class III- double weighted zero on assignment, 75 hours of university service
  • Class IV- double weighted zero on assignment, on semester suspension
  • Class V- F grade in the course, two semester suspension
  • Class VI- F grade in the course, permanent dismissal from the university
  • TWO STRIKES YOU’RE OUT!
  • Intent is not considered by the University Honor Code The Engineering Process: IDEA turns into a PRODUCT OR SERVICE via math and the physical sciences. PRODUCT OR SERVICES goes to SOCIETY through communication. Professional Engineer:
  • Graduate from ABET accredited engineering school
  • Four years of engineering experience accepted by Board of Examiners
  • 16 hours of written examination: fundamental of engineering exam and principles and practice exam
  • Code of ethics- self imposed 16 DIFFERENT ENGINEERING MAJORS ARE OFFERED AT VIRGINIA TECH Algorithm- a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing some end Flowcharts:
  • Serve as a picture of your algorithm
  • Should function visually
  • Prepared according to rules
  • “top to bottom” and “left to right” logic flow Order of magnitude, n phrase: the power of ten (the exponent on the ten) used when a numeric value is written in scientific notation Independent variable:
  • X-axis variable
  • What you change, vary or control Dependent variable:
  • Y- axis variable
  • What you measure or record as a “RESPONSE” to change in the independent variable Parts of Graph:

Applications of LabVIEW:

  1. nanotechnology
  2. data acquisition Nanotechnology:
  • the study of the fundamental principles of molecules and structures with at least one dimension roughly between 1 and 100 nm
  • nanostructures
  • application of nanostructures into useful nanoscale devices Data Acquisition (DAQ)
  • observe data flow programming in a real time data acquisition environment
  • construct plots from physical phenomena and observe how they can form to function types