Download GCU BIO 201 lab review guide exam 1 and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
1 /
GCU BIO 201 lab review guide exam 1
1. Explain how anatomy and physiology are related.: Anatomy studies the struc- ture and shape of the body and
physiology is the study of how the body works
2. surface anatomy: the study of exterior features
3. gross/macroscopic anatomy: the study of examining large, visible structures
4. regional anatomy: the study of body areas like the head, neck, or trunk
5. Systemic anatomy: the study of groups of organs working together like the skeletal system
6. Developmental anatomy: the study of the egg (embryology) to maturity
7. Clinical anatomy: medical specialties such as surgical anatomy
8. Microscopic anatomy: the study of examining cells and molecules
9. cytology: study of cells and their structures
10. histology: the study of tissues and their structures
11. cell physiology: processes within and between cells
12. organ physiology: functions of specific organs
13. systemic physiology: functions of an organ system
14. pathological physiology: effects of diseases
15. Name the levels of structural organization: CHEMICAL LEVEL-atoms to molecules.
CELLULAR LEVEL-organelles, protein filaments
2 / TISSUE LEVEL-similar cells working together to form tissue. ORGAN-the combo of tissues to form organs. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL- the combo of organs that work together. ORGANISM LEVEL-sum total of all structural levels working together resulting in a living object
16. Metabolism: the chemical reactions occurring in the cells and tissues of the body
17. Anabolism: BUILDING PROTEINS (USES ENERGY) synthesis of new mole- cules w/i the body's cells or
tissues Ex: anabolic steroids= building muscle mass
18. Catabolism: BREAKING DOWN food, creates energy Ex: CAT-bolism CATS break things
19. Homeostasis: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
20. intrinsic regulation/ autoregulation: automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
21. Extrinsic regulation: Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems EXTRA help
22. what are the 3 control systems involved in a maintaining homeostasis: re- ceptor (sensor), control center
(integrator), effector (muscle or gland)
23. receptor: Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to
control center
24. control center/ integrator: analyzes info and determines response
25. Effector: provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus
26. positive feedback: Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output ex: birth and blood clotting
27. negative feedback: response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus ex: shivering or
regulating blood sugar
4 / abrasion found: METRAV: Mouth, Esophagus, Rectum, Anal, & Vagina
37. epithelial tissue: tightly packed cells that protects, absorbs, filtrates, excretes, secretes, & sensory reception
38. connective tissue: widely scattered cells that: support and protect
(bone/cartilage) transport materials (blood) energy storage (adipose) defense (lymph)
39. muscle tissue: excitable and contractile tissues that contracts to cause move- ment
40. nervous tissue: Transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effec- tors (muscles and glands) which
control their activity
41. lumen: space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
42. Endocrine glands secrete: hormones into the blood
43. Exocrine glands secrete: products thru or into ducts
44. Eccrine or merocrine glands: secretes thru vesicles by exocytosis ex: pan- creas or salivary gland
45. apocrine glands: involves the loss of cytoplasm ex: mammary gland
46. holocrine glands: secretes and destroys cell ex: sebaceous gland
47. Metaplasia: changing or alters from one type of mature tissue to another
48. Dysplasia: abnormal development of tissue
49. dense regular connective tissue: Location: tendons and ligaments
5 / functions: conducts pull of muscles, reduces friction, b/w muscles and stabilizes positions of bones
50. dense irregular connective tissue: LOCATIONS: Capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve
and muscle sheaths; dermis FUNCTIONS: Provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs such as the urinary bladder
51. elastic connective tissue: Function: expansion and contraction of organs, maintains pulsatile flow of blood
through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration, stabilizes position of vertebrae & penis Location: b/w vertebrae of the spinal column, ligaments supporting penis and transitional epithelia
52. loose (areolar) connective tissue: location: deep into skin, & covered by the epithelial lining of the digestive,
respiratory, & urinary tracts, b/w muscles, around joints, blood vessels, and nerves function: cushions organs, provides support, but permits free mvmnt, phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens
53. adipose connective tissue: location: under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts & butt
function: provides padding & cushions shocks, reduces heat loss and stores energy
54. loose reticular connective tissue: location: Let Kids, Lick Nips & Bite More: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph
nodes, & bone marrow function: soft internal skeleton/framework
55. red blood cells: Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
7 /
69. abdominal cavity:
70. abdominopelvic cavity:
71. pelvic cavity:
72. pleural cavity:
73. pericardial cavity:
74. Cephalon (cephalic): whole head
75. Cervical: neck
76. acromial: shoulder
77. dorsum: back
78. Olecranal: back of elbow
79. Lumbar: lower back
80. gluteus: butt
81. Popliteal: back of knee
82. sural: calf
83. calcaneal: heel of foot
84. plantar: bottom of foot
85. upper limb:
8 /
86. lower limb:
87. cranial:
88. facial: entire face
89. oral: mouth
90. mental: chin
91. axillary: armpit
92. brachium: upper arm
93. Antecubital: front of elbow
94. Antebrachial: forearm
95. carpal: wrist
96. pollex: thumb
97. palmar: palm
98. digits: fingers, toes
99. coxal: hip
100. pubis: pubic
101. femoral: thigh
102. patellar: front of knee
103. frontal: forehead
104. orbital: eye
10 /
122. left lumbar region:
123. right inguinal region:
124. hypogastric region: has appendix and urinary bladder
125. left inguinal region:
126. transverse plane:
127. sagittal plane:
128. frontal or coronal plane:
129. Mediastinum: space between the lungs
130. adduction: ADD / bring body part towards midline
131. abduction: body part AWAY from midline
132. supination: palms facing up (drinking soup)
133. pronation: palms facing down
134. protraction: moving a body part forward
135. retraction: moving a part backward
136. opposition: Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
137. Depression: lowering a body part
138. Elevation: raising a body part
139. Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward
140. Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward
11 /
141. Cytoplasm: stuff b/w plasma membrane
142. plasma membrane: A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells that
isolates, protects, supports, & ctrls entry & exit of materials
143. Cytoskeleton: A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell
144. Cytosol: Fluid portion of cytoplasm
145. Ribosomes: Makes proteins
146. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, that produces energy (ATP)
147. Golgi apparatus: A system of membranes that modifies and packages pro- teins for export by the cell
148. Smooth ER: ER that has no ribosomes and makes lipids
149. Rough ER: ER that is dotted with ribosomes modifies and packages new proteins
150. Nucleus: Control center of the cell
151. Nucleoplasm: Fluid inside the nucleus
152. RNA: a,c,u,g
153. Diffusion: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
154. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
155. osmotic pressure: the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis
156. Tonicity: the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
157. hypertonic solution: a solution that causes a cell to SHRINK because of osmosis
13 /
173. what does the reticular layer consist of?: DENSE IRREGULAR CT, pacinian corpuscle (deep touch)
174. A dendritic or Langerhan
cell is a specialized .: immune cell
175. Merkel cells: touch/sensory receptors
176. Melanocytes: produce melanin or pigment to the skin
177. Flexion: Decreases the angle of a joint
178. extension: increases the angle of a joint
179. Hyperextension: extension past the normal point
180. anterior or ventral: front of the body
181. posterior or dorsal: back of body
182. Superior: Higher on the body, nearer to the head
183. Inferior: Lower on the body, farther from the head
184. superficial: closer or nearer to the surface
185. deep: Away from the body surface; more internal
186. Proximal: closer or nearer to the trunk of the body
187. Distal: Farther from the trunk of the body
188. Medial: Toward the midline of the body
189. Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
