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International School of Management & Technology (ISMT)
Tinkune, Gairigaun, Kathmandu
Networking
Submitted by:
Name: Subhash Chaudhary Semester: 1st Sec: ‘D’ Faculty: BSc IT Submitted To: Mr. Suman Koirala Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester)
Contents
Task 1 [LO1, P1]........................................................................................................................................................ Introduction of network:.............................................................................................................................................
Types of network devices.........................................................................................................................................
Client Server Network............................................................................................................................................ Benefits of using client server network.............................................................................................................. Constraints of using client server network....................................................................................................... 1 Peer To Peer Network........................................................................................................................................... 1 Benefits of using peer to peer network............................................................................................................. 1 Constraints of using peer to peer network........................................................................................................ 1 Cloud network...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Benefits of using cloud network....................................................................................................................... 1 Constraints of using cloud network.................................................................................................................. 1 Cluster network..................................................................................................................................................... 1 Benefits of using cluster network..................................................................................................................... 1 Constraints of using cluster network................................................................................................................ 1 Centralized network.............................................................................................................................................. 1 Benefits of using centralized networks............................................................................................................ 1 Constraints of using centralized network......................................................................................................... 1 Virtualized network.............................................................................................................................................. 1 Benefits if using virtualized network.................................................................................................................... 1 Constraints of using virtualized network.............................................................................................................. 1 Local Area Network (LAN).................................................................................................................................. 1 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)..................................................................................................................... 1 Wide Area Network (WAN)................................................................................................................................. 1 Campus Area Network (CAN)............................................................................................................................. 1
Types of network topology.......................................................................................................................................
Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester)
- OSI reference model.............................................................................................................................................
- TCP/IP model.......................................................................................................................................................
- IEEE Standards, 802.x:.........................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 2[LO1, P2].......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Types of network topology.......................................................................................................................................
- Bus topology.........................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of bus topology.........................................................................................................................................
- Star topology.........................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of star topology.........................................................................................................................................
- Ring topology.......................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of ring topology........................................................................................................................................
- Mesh topology......................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of mesh topology......................................................................................................................................
- Tree topology........................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of tree topology.........................................................................................................................................
- Hybrid topology....................................................................................................................................................
- Impact of hybrid topology....................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................................
- Task 3[LO1, M1]......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- OSI reference model.................................................................................................................................................
- Physical layer (layer 1).........................................................................................................................................
- Data link layer (layer 2)........................................................................................................................................
- Network Layer (layer 3).......................................................................................................................................
- Transport Layer (layer 4)......................................................................................................................................
- Session layer (Layer 5).........................................................................................................................................
- Presentation layer (Layer 6)..................................................................................................................................
- Application layer (Layer 7)..................................................................................................................................
- TCP/IP model...........................................................................................................................................................
- Network Interface Layer.......................................................................................................................................
- Internet Layer........................................................................................................................................................
- Transport Layer....................................................................................................................................................
- Application Layer.................................................................................................................................................
- Comparison between OSI reference model and TCP/IP model...............................................................................
- Effectiveness of the protocol in the network system................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 4[LO2, P3].......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Types of network devices.........................................................................................................................................
- Hub:......................................................................................................................................................................
- Router:..................................................................................................................................................................
- Switch:..................................................................................................................................................................
- Multi-Layer Switch:..............................................................................................................................................
- Server:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Firewalls:..............................................................................................................................................................
- HIDS:....................................................................................................................................................................
- Repeater:...............................................................................................................................................................
- Bridges:.................................................................................................................................................................
- Wireless Devices:.................................................................................................................................................
- Access Point (Wireless/Wired):............................................................................................................................
- Content Filter:.......................................................................................................................................................
- Load Balancer:......................................................................................................................................................
- Modem:.................................................................................................................................................................
- Packet Shaper:......................................................................................................................................................
- VPN Concentrator:...............................................................................................................................................
- Types of server.........................................................................................................................................................
- Web server:...........................................................................................................................................................
- File server:............................................................................................................................................................
- Database server:....................................................................................................................................................
- Print server:...........................................................................................................................................................
- Virtual server:.......................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 5[LO5, P4].......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Hardware requirements............................................................................................................................................
- Interrelation between hardware and software..........................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 6[LO2. M2]......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Different range of servers.........................................................................................................................................
- Tower server.........................................................................................................................................................
- Rack-mount server................................................................................................................................................
- Blade server..........................................................................................................................................................
- Selection of best server.............................................................................................................................................
- Scalability and management.................................................................................................................................
- Increased storage capacity....................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 7[LO1&LO2, D1]............................................................................................................................................
- Introduction:.............................................................................................................................................................
- Types of network topology.......................................................................................................................................
- Bus topology:...........................................................................................................................................................
- Ring topology:..........................................................................................................................................................
- Star topology:...........................................................................................................................................................
- Tree topology:..........................................................................................................................................................
- Hybrid topology:......................................................................................................................................................
- Mesh topology:.........................................................................................................................................................
- Selection of best topology........................................................................................................................................
- Flexibility..............................................................................................................................................................
- Reliability.............................................................................................................................................................
- Compatibility........................................................................................................................................................
- Scalability.............................................................................................................................................................
- Recommendation..................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................................
- Task 8 [LO3, P5]......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- IP Table:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Server technology.....................................................................................................................................................
- DHCP server.........................................................................................................................................................
- DC server..............................................................................................................................................................
- DNS server...........................................................................................................................................................
- RODC server........................................................................................................................................................
- DHCP relay agent.................................................................................................................................................
- CDC server...........................................................................................................................................................
- Print server............................................................................................................................................................
- File server.............................................................................................................................................................
- Network components............................................................................................................................................
- Firewall.................................................................................................................................................................
- Switch...................................................................................................................................................................
- Router...................................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 9[LO3, P6].......................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Evaluating the design to meet the requirements.......................................................................................................
- User feedback form..................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 11[LO3, D2]....................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Schedule...................................................................................................................................................................
- Day 1:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Day 2:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Day 3:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Day 4:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Day 5:...................................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 13[LO2, P8].....................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................................
- Task 14[LO4, M4]....................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Before centralization of the network........................................................................................................................
- After centralization of the network..........................................................................................................................
- Limitation of the system...........................................................................................................................................
- Potential enhancements............................................................................................................................................
- Security level........................................................................................................................................................
- Backup system......................................................................................................................................................
- Load balancing......................................................................................................................................................
- Recommendation......................................................................................................................................................
- Increase performance............................................................................................................................................
- Network protection...............................................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- Task 15[LO4, D3]....................................................................................................................................................
- Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
- Network design.........................................................................................................................................................
- Positive aspects of designed network...................................................................................................................
- Negative aspects of the designed network............................................................................................................
- Network topology.....................................................................................................................................................
- Diagnosis of the implemented network system........................................................................................................
- Recommendation for improvements........................................................................................................................
- Conclusion................................................................................................................................................................
- References................................................................................................................................................................
Constraints of using client server network In this network architecture, the servers get overloaded when there are simultaneous client requests by forming high traffic in the system. The whole system fails if the main server fails which may result in data loss. Since, it is the centralized system, if the critical server fails, client’s requests are not accomplished. Peer To Peer Network Computer systems that are connected by the internet and doesn’t need any central server for the transfer of files and programs from one computer to another. In peer to peer network, each computer works as a server as well as client. To join in this network, one must have internet connection and peer to peer software. Once it is connected to the network, it can access files and folders of another computer and vice versa. Benefits of using peer to peer network The main advantage of peer to peer network is that it is easy to setup which makes it less expensive as well. In this network, each node acts as a server as well as client without the need of any server. Any computer in this network functions as both the servers and a user workstations. Constraints of using peer to peer network In this network system, each computer separately needed to be applied for network security which makes time consuming. Any computer in this network can be accessed anytime which makes it less secure. The accessing of data cannot be managed or controlled as there is no any centralized server present in the system. Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester) Figure 2 Peer To Peer Network
Network design.........................................................................................................................................................
In cloud networking, means accessing the network resources from a centralized third party provider by using wide area network (WAN) or internet based access technologies. It is related to the cloud computing in which computer resources are shared for customers and clients. It is broadly rehearsed system since remote access is conceivable so any one can get effectively as the assets are brought together. Likewise, cloud network additionally empowers the system correspondence between virtual machines. Figure 3 cloud networking system Benefits of using cloud network In cloud networking system, data are store in centralized servers which can be accessed from anywhere in the world. Hence, if there is any hardware failure, it will not result in data loss because of networked backups. It is more reliable means of network. Constraints of using cloud network The main constraint of using cloud network is less security. If the server in this network crashes, a data loss may occur. It will affect some of the users who are trying to work with that server. There is minimum control of the business organization over a server. The cloud infrastructure are mainly managed by the service providers. Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester)
Network virtualization improves network efficiency, as well as administrator are satisfied with their job. It is useful for rapid and large networks. In this network, the use of physical devices are reduced to some extent. Benefits if using virtualized network The main benefit for using virtualized network is that it reduces the number of physical hardware when needed which unfortunately reduces the cost. Since, if there is virtual network setup, it will reduce the workload which ultimately saves the energy. Constraints of using virtualized network Beside the advantages of using virtualized network, there are some disadvantages too. This type of network has limitations and also has security risks as well. It requires several links in a chain that must work together simultaneously which may take extra times. According to the geographic distance, networks are classified as follows: Local Area Network (LAN) A group of computers and devices are connected together within a short distances i.e. within a building or a group of two or three buildings in close to each other to share information and resources is said to be connected in LAN network. Computer and other devices use LAN connection to share resources such as printer or a network storage. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) MAN is a computer network that interconnects the computer and resources in a geographic area larger than covered by that of LAN but smaller than the WAN. The networks devices are interconnected within a city into a single larger network. MANs can be formed by connecting multiple LANs. MANs provide fast communication via fiber optic cables. Wide Area Network (WAN) From the heading, it is clear that it covers wide geographical area. It connects different smaller networks such as local area network (LANs) and metropolitan area network (MANs). Internet is the best example for the Wide Area Network (WAN). It is similar to a banking system i.e. hundreds of Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester) Figure 4 Local Area Network
branches in different cities are connected with each other in order to share their official data. It is similar to the LAN and MAN but covers a larger scale. Campus Area Network (CAN) Multiple Local Area Network (LAN) are connected in order to form CAN. A CAN is smaller than the Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) or a Wide Area Network (WAN). There are many benefits of CAN. It is cost effective and known for multidepartment network. It is also known as Corporate Area Network as large corporate organizations are connected by it. CAN uses both wired and wireless for the connection. Different types of network standards OSI reference model A reference model is a reasonable system for getting connections. The motivation behind the OSI reference model is to direct sellers and engineers so the advanced correspondence items and programming programs they make can interoperate, and to encourage an unmistakable structure that depicts the elements of a systems administration or media transmission framework. TCP/IP model The TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. TCP/IP determines how information is traded over the web by giving start to finish interchanges that recognize how it might to be broken into bundles, tended to, transmitted, directed and got at the goal. TCP/IP requires minimal focal administration, and it is intended to make systems dependable, with the capacity to recuperate naturally from the disappointment of any device on the system. IEEE Standards, 802.x: "IEEE 802.1x is a standard segment of the IEEE 802.11 system convention bunch built up by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE). IEEE 802.1x location to IEEE 802. conventions to improve remote system security". It is utilized to control the remote or virtual LAN that applies traffic approaches dependent on confirmation. Conclusion Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester) Figure 5 Campus Area Network
Task 2[LO1, P2].......................................................................................................................................................
Explain the impact of network topology, Communication and bandwidth requirements.
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
“Network topology is simply an arrangement of cables and nodes of a communication network. It is a topological structure in a network that may be defined physically or logically. In the network topology, the nodes are connected directly or indirectly through the links so that they can communicate with each other. The information travels along with certain bandwidth and speed to reach the destination. Bandwidth can be defined as the amount of data that can be transmitted throughout the channels in a specified amount of time.
Types of network topology.......................................................................................................................................
There are different types of network topology which are described below:
Bus topology.........................................................................................................................................................
In bus topology, computers and network devices are connected to the single cable. And that cable is called backbone. In this topology, if the main cable fails or if it is broken, the entire segment fails. This topology are relatively easy to setup and don’t require much cabling which makes it less expensive. It works fine for the small networks and if one node fails, it will not affect the whole network. No hubs or switches are required in this network.
Impact of bus topology.........................................................................................................................................
In this topology, large amount of packet collision occurs which results in high amount of packet loss. The installation of new devices to this topology is very easy but adding more devices or nodes make the network to slow down. If the main cable or backbone cable fails, the whole network fails which is the main defect of this topology. Only one directional data flow occurs in this system. If two or more nodes are trying to communicate with each other simultaneously, there will be huge data collision which may fail the whole network. Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester) Figure 6 Bus Topology
Star topology In this topology, all the nodes are connected to the central hub or switch. Here, all the nodes are connected at one point hence there will be high traffic in the central hub. It forms star like connections so it is called star topology. It is possible to create very large network with the help of this topology. Besides these, it is an expensive setup as the numbers and length of cables needed for setup is high. Impact of star topology If one of its connection breaks, it will not affect the whole network but if the central hub or switch fails, whole network will break out. Here, central hub acts as a junction point for each node in the system. The central hub needs frequent maintenance for maintaining its health. This topology has a simple design which makes it much easier for administrators to run troubleshooting when facing with the problem faults. Ring topology A ring topology is a network configuration on which all the network devices are connected in closed circular loops. Most of these topologies are unidirectional. So packets of data travel from one device to the next devices until they reach the destination. In this topology, if any of the connection in the ring is broken, the whole network will be affected. No network server is needed in this topology as the network devices are connected one after another in a closed loops. Impact of ring topology There is no risk of packet collision in this topology since it has unidirectional flow which makes it fast. Instead of benefit, if there is any node failure, the entire network fails which needs the frequent maintenance for each node. Adding more nodes in it causes transmission delay as the data flow is unidirectional. Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester) Figure 7 Star Topology Figure 8 Ring Topology
tree view. Maintaining this network is not simpler, the more we add nodes, the more complex it becomes. Hybrid topology In this topology, different topologies are combined to form a single topology. These topologies include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology. This arrangement is known for its flexibility and reliability. It is little expensive. Generally, the analogue components of the PC handle complex numerical calculations. The digital components take care of logical and numerical operations, in addition to serving as the controller for the system. Impact of hybrid topology This topology is known for its flexibility. Since it is the combination of different topologies, it increases the scalability as well which makes them well suited for larger networks. This arrangement is complex depending on topologies that we combine. Maintenance is quite difficult as the administrator has to maintain all the topologies combined instead of only one topology.
Conclusion:...............................................................................................................................................................
In overall, we can get knowledge about the architecture of the network in this task and we can test the traffic of the network and apply the suitable topology for the requirements of the company. Another possible application of this work is to test the average state of the network by inferring its average behaviour. Therefore, now we can easily analyse the network. Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester)
Task 3[LO1, M1] Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
This task gives the correlation of networking principle standard and effectiveness of networked system “OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how applications communicate over a network. The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between the two endpoints in a network can be divided into seven distinct group of related function, or layers”, (techtarget, n.d.). Network layers are useful strides in correspondence that are performed by projects called protocols. “TCP/IP, or the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or an extranet).” OSI reference model The Open System Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement protocol in seven layers. The seven layers of OSI reference model are given below: Subhash Chaudhary (HND / First Semester)
