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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date 28 /6/2023 Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Truong Van Diep Student ID: BH Class SE06203 Assessor name Le Van Thuan Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Diep Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
❒ Summative Feedback: ❒ Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Signature & Date:
M1. Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness of networked systems.
I. Introduction As a network infrastructure model, I am currently working as a network administrator in an international company, working on a specific project ccompanies build networks for schools. However, I can provide general information on how and often which items are rendered and what problem they are trying to solve. Network infrastructure consists of hardware and software components that support communication and data transfer between devices. network. It includes all physical components, such as routers, switches, hubs, and cables, and software components, such as protocols for networks, operating systems, and applications that control and manage networks and the flow of data over them. In addition, I also compare common networking principles and how protocols deliver network efficiency to come up with optimal solutions depending on the needs of the network use. Moreover, it also provides a reliable security platform, allowing people to communicate with each other, exchange information quickly... Effective network infrastructure design and management is dependent on expertise in network architecture, security, and performance. optimization. Organizations must plan, implement, and maintain their network infrastructure with care to ensure it is up to date and meets their needs. Future plans and be aware of the latest technological advances and dangers security risk.
II. Body P1. Discuss the benefits and constraints of different network types and standards.
1. Definition of network
- The exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, or institutions is referred to as networking. It is made up of a number of devices that communicate with one another. Imagine a spiderweb with several spiders, each of which can link and approach each other via spider silk.
- Almost everywhere, networks are used. We wouldn’t be able to use our computers at school or at work if they weren’t available. Seriously, without the internet, many jobs that appear to be simple when completed with a computer would become very hard to do. Most of the technological services we use, such as desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones, televisions, game consoles, smart appliances, and other gadgets, are all connected through networks.
- There are several sorts of networks, each of which may be utilized for a variety of reasons and by a variety of individuals and organizations. Here are some of the different sorts of networks you could encounter. a, Local Area Network (LAN)
- Define: A local area network, often known as LAN, is a network that links computers within a certain geographic region. This might happen in a classroom, a workplace, or even your own house. A PC, for example, may connect to the router using Ethernet, while smartphones and tablets might connect via Wi-Fi. All router-connected devices share the same network and, in many cases, the same Internet connection.
Figure 2: Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) 1
- Benefits: MAN provides a solid connection and all data is readily handled in a centralized manner, despite the fact that it is not as expensive as WAN. Furthermore, the security server is superior than WAN.
- Constraints: It isn’t compatible with phone copper cables. The speed of MAN is influenced by copper cables. Fiber optics, as a result, need a high cost. When compared to a LAN, this network has a higher chance of being attacked by hackers. As a result, there may be a data breach. In MAN, high-security personnel are required. c. Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Define: A WAN is a network that connects a LAN and a MAN through satellite, fiber optic cable, or wire cable. This wide area network may link to a private network as well as construct huge connections that span the entire country or the globe.
Figure 3: Wide Area Network (WAN)
- Benefits: Information exchange and storage capabilities. The network may be used by both employees and customers.
- Constraints: Because data transit can be easily accessed by hackers, security solutions are required. They are costly to put up. Purchasing routers, switches, and security solutions is required to set up a WAN. d, Enterprise Private Networks (EPN)
- Define: An enterprise private network is a network that a corporation uses to link its various locations so that they may share resources.
Figure 5 : Network protocols
- A network protocol links one device’s layer to another device’s layer, with each layer adding control information to the communication.
- The message is eventually carried via a stream of bits carried by the physical layer. Each protocol is implemented at each layer by each network device. Ethernet is a network protocol designed for use in local area networks (LAN).
- At the application layer, this is an example of a real network protocol stack; we may use an application layer protocol such as HTTP. We’ll jump right to the transport layer, where TCP (transmission control protocol) may be used, followed by IP and the Internet Protocol. Our IP network might be built on top of Ethernet, with an Ethernet data link layer and 1000 base-T connections as our physical layer. b. Discussing network standards.
- When it comes to networking standards, there are several key standards that are widely used in the networking industry. The most famous include: ❖ Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): The core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a network protocol that works in conjunction with the Internet Protocol. TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is a protocol that allows an octet stream (8-bit data block) to be securely delivered across an IP network. The ability to send orders and check for mistakes is TCP’s key feature. TCP is used by every major Internet application, including the World Wide Web, email, and file transmission. ❖ Internet Protocol (IP): For transporting data over a network, the Internet Protocol is the most important protocol in the Internet protocol suite. The Internet Protocol’s routing function fundamentally aids in the establishment of the Internet. This protocol was previously known as the Transmission Control Program’s connectionless datagram service (TCP). As a result, TCP/IP is another name for the Internet protocol suite. ❖ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and it is an application protocol for networked, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. The World
Wide Web’s data communication is built on the HTTP protocol. Hypertext is a type of organized text that employs hyperlinks to connect text nodes. HTTP is the industry standard for exchanging and transferring hypertext. ❖ Domain Name System (DNS) Domain names are converted to IP addresses via the Domain Name System (DNS). The DNS system is hierarchical, with the server root, TLD, and authorization server all being listed. ❖ Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) The ICMP protocol is used to convey network error signals. It utilizes the IP protocol. It assists in the diagnosis of network communication problems. ICMP is mostly used to evaluate whether data is reaching its intended destination in the most efficient manner. ❖ Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) This protocol operates on IP networks, allocating IP addresses to networked devices and hosts. It also permits them to converse effectively with one another. DHCP assigns the subnet mask, default gateway address, domain name server (DNS) address, and other setup information in addition to the IP address. ❖ Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) To administer the network, a basic network management protocol is employed. Monitoring, setting, and managing device networks are all possible with SNMP. On the device network, you may also set up SNMP traps to alert the server hub when the tool is ready to use. ❖ Hypertext Transfer Protocol over SSL/TLS (HTTPS) HTTPS is used in conjunction with HTTP to provide similar services with the added security of SSL or TLS. ❖ Secured Shell (SSH) SSH is the most used mechanism for securely manipulating network devices at the command level. Because Telnet does not provide secure connections, SSH is frequently used as an alternative.
3. International Networking Standards Organizations.
- The rise of open standards not owned by any one company has been a great boon to customers of computer and networking products, as well as the manufacturers that sell to them. In order to facilitate the development of open standards, however, organizations are needed that will coordinate the creation and publishing of these documents. Generally, these are non-profit organizations that specifically take a neutral stance regarding technologies and work for the betterment of the industry as a whole.
- Here are some of the standards organizations that you are likely to encounter when reading about networking and the Internet: ❖ International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that comprises standards bodies from more than 160 countries, with one standards body representing each member country. For example, the American National Standards Institute represents the United States.ISO members are national standards organizations that collaborate in the development and promotion of international
Figure 7: ANSI 1 ❖ Information Technology Industry Council (ITIC): ITIC is a group of several dozen companies in the information technology (computer) industry. ITIC is the SDO approved by ANSI to develop and process standards related to many computer-related topics. It was formerly known as the Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA). Figure 8: ITIC ❖ National Committee for Information Technology (NCITS): A committee established by the ITIC to develop and maintain standards related to the information technology world. NCITS was formerly known by the name Accredited Standards Committee X3, Information Technology , or more commonly, just X3. It maintains several sub-committees that develop and maintain standards for various technical subjects.
Figure 9: NCITS ❖ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): The IEEE (pronounced “eye-triple- ee”) is a well-known professional organization for those in the electrical or electronics fields, including computers and networking. IEEE's main claim to fame in the networking industry is the IEEE 802 Project, which encompasses many popular networking technologies including Ethernet. Figure 10: IEEEE ❖ Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA): The EIA is an international industry association that is best known for publishing electrical wiring and transmission standards. Figure 11: EIA ❖ Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA): The TIA is the communications sector of the EIA, and is responsible for developing communications standards. Since communications, wiring and transmission are all related, and since the TIA and EIA organizations are also related, standards produced by the EIA or TIA are often labeled with the combined prefixes “EIA/TIA” or “TIA/EIA”.
Figure 14: ETSI P2. Network topology & communication and Bandwidth requirements
1. Network topology definition
- Network topology refers to the manner in which the links and nodes of a network are arranged to relate to each other. Topologies are categorized as either physical network topology, which is the physical signal transmission medium, or logical network topology, which refers to the manner in which data travels through the network between devices, independent of physical connection of the devices. Logical network topology examples include twisted pair Ethernet, which is categorized as a logical bus topology, and token ring, which is categorized as a logical ring topology.
- Physical network topology examples include star, mesh, tree, ring, point-to-point, circular, hybrid, and bus topology networks, each consisting of different configurations of nodes and links. The ideal network topology depends on each business’s size, scale, goals, and budget. A network topology diagram helps visualize the communicating devices, which are modeled as nodes, and the connections between the devices, which are modeled as links between the nodes. 2 , Physical & Logical Topology Physical Topology : Wha t we see is essentially how gadgets may be connected to one another, which means it demonstrates how they interact with cables, wireless communication, and other methods. Logical Topology :Describe the logical path taken by a signal between node networks.
3 , Examples of topology with diagrams.
- I’ll take you through the most popular network topology definitions so you can get a sense of their benefits and drawbacks. Figure 15 : Network topology types a, Bus Topology
- This is a sort of topology in which all devices, such as servers, workstations, and information nodes, are connected to one another via a single main cable for data transmission. Two terminator devices seal the cable’s two ends. The destination’s particular address is carried in the data and signals transferred across the cable. Figure 16: Bus Topology
