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ASSIGNMENT 1 FRONT SHEET
Qualification BTEC Level 5 HND Diploma in Computing Unit number and title Unit 2: Networking Infrastructure Submission date Date Received 1st submission Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission Student Name Pham Minh Dung Student ID GCH21 0642 Class GCH1103 Assessor name Vuong Thi Nhung Student declaration I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice. Student’s signature Grading grid P1 P2 P3 P4 M1 M2 D
Summative Feedback: Resubmission Feedback: Grade: Assessor Signature: Date: Lecturer Signature:
Constraint: MAN: Installation cost is higher than LAN. At the same time, the way of network administration is more complicated. WAN: The bandwidth of the WAN is the lowest, so the connection is very weak. High installation cost and complicated network management. LAN: This type of network is limited to a relatively small geographical area. It is larger than Personal Area Network (PAN) and smaller than WAN. NETWORK PROTOCOL: Network protocol is a set of established rules that define how to format, transmit, and receive data so that computer network devices - from servers and routers to endpoints - can communicate with each other. , regardless of the differences in infrastructure, design, or basic standards between them. PURPOSE: Without computing protocols, computers and other devices would not know how to engage with each other. As a result, except for specialty networks built around a specific architecture, few networks would be able to function, and the internet as we know it wouldn't exist. Virtually all end-users rely on network protocols for connectivity. List of some common protocols: Internet Protocol Suite is a collection of protocols that implement the protocol stack on which the Internet runs. The Internet Protocol Suite is sometimes referred to as the TCP/IP protocol suite. TCP and IP are important protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite – Transmission Control Protocol ( TCP ) and Internet Protocol ( IP ). The Internet Protocol Suite is similar to the OSI model, but with some differences. Also, not all layers correspond well Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is the core protocol of the Internet Protocol Suite. The Transmission Control Protocol originates from a network implementation that complements the Internet Protocol. Therefore, the Internet Protocol Suite is often referred to as TCP/IP. TCP provides a method of reliably delivering an octet stream ( 8-bit data block ) over an IP network. The main feature of TCP is the ability to issue commands and check for errors. All major Internet applications such as the World Wide Web, email, and file transfer rely on TCP
HTTP is the data communication platform for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses hyperlinks between nodes containing the text. HTTP is an application protocol for distributed and hybrid hypermedia information systems. Domain Name System (DNS) is used to convert domain names to IP addresses. The DNS hierarchy consists of a root server, a TLD, and an authoritative server. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP - dynamic server configuration protocol) is a protocol that allows automatic IP address allocation along with other related configurations such as subnet mask and default gateway. The computer is configured automatically, thus reducing interference with the network. The international standard organizations and the names of the standards used in networking. ISO: International Organization for Standardization IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission ITU: International Telecommunication Union
Task 2 - Explain the impact of network topology, communication and
bandwidth requirements (P2)
Network Topology is a diagram that describes the arrangement of the physical and logical elements of a communication network. There are two possible topologies for a network diagram: physical topology and logical topology. Physical Topology is a way of connecting network devices to each other. Logic Topology that shows how data flows between devices. There are cases where the physical diagram coincides with the logical diagram, there are cases where the physical diagram is different from the logical diagram. Difference between Physical Topology and Logical Topology
Advantages:
- The network can be extended without interrupting existing users.
- It has many links, so if any single route is blocked, other routes will be used for data communication.
- P2P links make fault identification easy.
- It helps you avoid the risk of network failure by connecting all systems to one central node. Disadvantages:
- The installation is complicated because every node is connected to 1 node
- Expensive due to the use of many cables.
- Requires a large space to run the cable.
Star Topology: Advantages
- Easy to troubleshoot, set up and modify.
- Affected nodes do not affect other nodes.
- Fast performance.
- In the star structure, adding, removing and moving devices is easy. Disadvantages
- If the hub or hub fails, all the attached buttons will be dead.
- The cost of installing star topology is expensive
- Dense network traffic can sometimes slow down significantly.
- Performance depends on the quality of the central device
- Damaged cables or problematic network connectors can damage the network. Bus Topology:
Advantages
- Easy to install and reconfigure
- Adding or removing topology in the ring, you only need to move 2 connections.
- Provides equal access to all computers on the network.
- Check and record errors faster. Disadvantages
- One-way traffic.
- Breaking 1 ring can potentially disrupt the entire network
- The troubleshooting process is very difficult, the failure of one computer can disrupt the entire network. -Today, high-speed LAN have made this topology less common.
- In the ring, topology signals are always circulating, which develops unwanted power consumption. Tree Topology
Advantages
- One button failure doesn't affect the rest
- Quick and easy button expansion
- Simple error detection
- Very easy to manage and maintain Disadvantages
- It is multi-cable topology.
- If more buttons are added, the maintenance is difficult again
- If the hub or hub is faulty, the attachment buttons are also disabled. Hybird Topology
- This is one of the most expensive processes. network communication: Network communication defines a set of protocols that allow application programs to communicate with each other regardless of the hardware and operating system. Explain the rules in the network: o Network packet rules have a higher priority than network rules for applications. If both network packet rules and network rules for applications are specified for the same type of network activity, the network activity is handled according to the network packet rules. o Network rules for applications work as follows: a network rule for applications includes access rules based on the network status: public , local , or trusted. For example, applications in the High Restricted trust group are not allowed any network activity in networks of all statuses by default. If a network rule is specified for an individual application (parent application), then the child processes of other applications will run according to the network rule of the parent application. If there is no network rule for the application, the child processes will run according to the network access rule of the application’s trust group. Bandwidth: Bandwidth, also known as Bandwidth, is used to transmit available data in 1 second. This can also be understood as the data transmission rate of a transmission line.
Task 2.1 - Compare common networking principles and how protocols
enable the effectiveness of networked systems (M1)
General networking principles: Principle 1: Understand the user's need Principle 2: Use services to protect your data, don't rely on the network Principle 3: Design for interworking and flexibility Circuit switching: circuit switching is a traditional connection-switching technique widely used to construct telephone networks. This technique completes a fixed communication path from source to destination. Packet switching: is a technique of sending data from the source computer to the receiver (destination computer) over a network using a type of protocol that satisfies the following three conditions:
- The data to be transported is broken down into packets (or frames) of a specified size and format.
- Each such packet will be delivered separately and can reach the destination by different routes. As such, they can teleport at the same time
- When all the data packets have arrived at the destination, they will be reassembled into the original data. Similar: Application layer information and data transfer method. Through the terminal system and network nodes. Transmission on the link. Difference: Packet Switching
Packet Switching: Hosts break up application-layer messages into packets (packets). Forward packets from one router to the next over links en route from source to destination. Channel Switching: When there are two entities that need to exchange information, between them, a fixed "channel" (circuit) will be established and maintained until one of the two parties disconnects from communication. The data is only transmitted along that fixed path.
Task 3 - Discuss the operating principles of networking devices and server
types (P3)
Switches: o Switches generally have a more intelligent role than hubs. A switch is a multiport device that improves network efficiency. The switch maintains limited routing information about nodes in the internal network, and it allows connections to systems like hubs or routers. Strands of LANs are usually connected using switches. Generally, switches can read the hardware addresses of incoming packets to transmit them to the appropriate destination.
connected to it and where to send requests if the destination isn’t known. Routers usually communicate routing and other information using one of three standard protocols: Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) or Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Routers are your first line of defense, and they must be configured to pass only traffic that is authorized by network administrators. The routes themselves can be configured as static or dynamic. If they are static, they can only be configured manually and stay that way until changed. If they are dynamic, they learn of other routers around them and use information about those routers to build their routing tables. Routers are general-purpose devices that interconnect two or more heterogeneous networks. They are usually dedicated to special-purpose computers, with separate input and output network interfaces for each connected network. Because routers and gateways are the backbone of large computer networks like the internet, they have special features that give them the flexibility and the ability to cope with varying network addressing schemes and frame sizes through the segmentation of big packets into smaller sizes that fit the new network components. Each router interface has its own Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) module, its own LAN address (network card address), and its own Internet Protocol (IP) address. The router, with the help of a routing table, has knowledge of routes a packet could take from its source to its destination. The routing table, like in the bridge and switch, grows dynamically. Upon receipt of a packet, the router removes the packet headers and trailers and analyzes the IP header by determining the source and destination addresses and data type, and noting the arrival time. It also updates the router table with new addresses not already in the table. The IP header and arrival time information is entered in the routing table. Routers normally work at the Network layer of the OSI model. Modems:
Modems (modulators-demodulators) are used to transmit digital signals over analog telephone lines. Thus, digital signals are converted by the modem into analog signals of different frequencies and transmitted to a modem at the receiving location. The receiving modem performs the reverse transformation and provides a digital output to a device connected to a modem, usually a computer. The digital data is usually transferred to or from the modem over a serial line through an industry-standard interface, RS-232. Many telephone companies offer DSL services, and many cable operators use modems as end terminals for the identification and recognition of home and personal users. Modems work on both the Physical and Data Link layers. Gateway: Gateways normally work at the Transport and Session layers of the OSI model. At the Transport layer and above, there are numerous protocols and standards from different vendors; gateways are used to deal with them. Gateways provide translation between networking technologies such as Open System Interconnection (OSI) and Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Because of this, gateways connect two or more autonomous networks, each with its own routing algorithms, protocols, topology, domain name service, and network administration procedures and policies. Gateways perform all of the functions of routers and more. In fact, a router with added translation functionality is a gateway. The function that does the translation between different network technologies is called a protocol converter. Firewall: Network firewalls are security devices used to stop or mitigate unauthorized access to private networks connected to the Internet, especially intranets. The only traffic allowed on the network is defined via firewall policies – any other traffic attempting to access the network is blocked. Network firewalls sit at the front line of a network, acting as communications liaisons between internal and external devices.
