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NR283: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL
EXAM-STUDY GUIDE
what,is,osteoporosis?,-,ans- ✔✔complex,,chronic,,multi,factorial,disease,that,decreases,bone,mineral,density what,are,the,risk,factors,for,osteoporosis?,-,ans- ✔✔white,female,,postmenopausal,,aging,,sedentary,lifestyle,,and,hyperparathyroidism what,are,the,symptoms,of,osteoporosis?,-,ans-✔✔silent,until,fractures,occur,,back,pain what,are,patients,at,risk,for,with,osteoporosis?,-,ans-✔✔fractures what,is,the,health,promotion,for,osteoporosis?,-,ans-✔✔active,lifestyle,,calcium/ vitamin,D,supplements what,is,the,pathology,of,osteoporosis?,-,ans-✔✔-Bone,remodeling, -increased,bone,re,absorption, -decreased,bone,formation,causing,thin,,fragile,bones, -fractures., -Increased,osteoclast,activity -decreased,osteoblast,activity. what,is,the,pathology,of,rheumatoid,arthritis?,-,ans-✔✔- chronic,,systemic,,inflammatory,autoimmune,disease, -exaggerated,immune,response -neutrophils,degrade,surface,layer,of,cartilage,- inflammatory,cytokines,breaking,down,cartilage,and,bone,then,T-cells, -fibroblasts,to,turn,into,a,thick,abnormal,layer,of,tissue, -inflammation,is,constant,and,spreads,to,ALL,synovial,joints what,are,the,signs,and,symptoms,of,rheumatoid,arthritis?,-,ans- ✔✔inflammation,,fever,,weakness,,joint,deformity,,aching,and,stiffness,,painful,,tender,,an d,stiff,joint,,loss,of,function,,and,cyst,in,the,joint.
what,is,the,differentiation,from,osteoarthritis,and,rheumatoid,arthritis?,-,ans- ✔✔systemic,symptoms ex.),fever osteoarthritis:,load,bearing,,sports,,and,trauma rheumatoid:,Autoimmune what,is,a,spiral,fracture,and,who,is,most,at,risk?,-,ans- ✔✔a,twist,of,the,bone,looking,like,a,spiral,,most,common,in,children,due,to,child,abuse what,does,RICE,stand,for,in,regards,to,injury?,-,ans-✔✔Rest Ice Compression Elevate what,do,prostaglandin,,histamine,,and,cytokine,do,for,the,body?,-,ans- ✔✔Decrease,pain,threshold=increased,pain,sensation, ex.),Sun,burn what,does,seranin,and,GABA,do,for,the,body?,-,ans-✔✔reduce,translation,of,pain, ex),labor what,do,endorphins,do,for,the,body?,-,ans-✔✔prevent,transmission,of,pain,signals ex.),exercise what,pathway,of,pain,is,Efferent?,-,ans-✔✔CNS,to,PNS, what,to,do,with,the,pain what,pathway,of,pain,is,Afferent?,-,ans-✔✔PNS,to,CNS processed,by,the,brain what,is,pain,tolerance?,-,ans- ✔✔amount,of,pain,body,can,handle,before,you,involuntarily,remove,the,stimuli what,is,pain,threshold?,-,ans-✔✔same,for,everyone Minimum,amount,of,stimuli,it,takes,to,perceive,pain what,is,pain,perception?,-,ans-✔✔brain,interprets,the,signal what,is,the,role,of,pain,transmission?,-,ans-✔✔signal,goes,to,the,CNS what,is,the,role,of,pain,transduction?,-,ans-✔✔nociceptors,pick,up,pain,signals what,is,the,role,of,nociceptors?,-,ans-✔✔transmits,pain what,are,neurotransmitters?,-,ans-✔✔chemicals,the,nervous,system,use,to,communicate
what,causes,atherosclerosis?,-,ans- ✔✔HTN,,DM,,Increased,LDL,,decreeased,HDL,,and,smoking What,is,a,Ischemic-embolic,stroke?,-,ans-✔✔clot,travels,from,a,different,location what,causes,a,clot,to,travel,to,the,brain?,-,ans-✔✔A- fib,,arrhythmias,,thrombocythemia,(too,many,platelets),,and,electrolyte,imbalance,(K+) what,causes,a,hemorrhagic,stroke?,(CVA),-,ans- ✔✔ruptured,blood,vessel,is,the,leading,cause least,common,type,of,CVA what,causes,vessels,to,rupture?,-,ans-✔✔Trauma,,HTN,,drugs, (cocaine),,aneurysm,,coagulant,disorder what,are,complications,of,a,CVA?,-,ans- ✔✔paralysis,,sensory,loss,,language,disorder,,reflex,changes,,aphasia,,and,dysphagia what,are,the,risk,factors,for,a,CVA?,-,ans- ✔✔aging,,HTN,,smoking,,DM,,polycthemia,,thrombocythemia,,dislipidemia,,CVD,,disrhyth mia,chlamydia,,drugs. what,does,the,acronym,F.A.S.T,stand,for,in,regards,to,a,CVA?,-,ans-✔✔F=Face, (is,there,facial,drooping?) A=Arms,(does,one,arm,drift,down?) S=Speech,(does,it,sound,strange?) T=Time,(Call,9-1-1) in,the,endocrine,system,what,does,the,negative,feedback,loop,do?,-,ans- ✔✔regulates,the,release,of,hormones ex),glucose,increases,,insulin,increases...glucose,decreases,,insulin,decreases,as,well. what,causes,alterations,in,the,endocrine,function?,-,ans- ✔✔tumor,,target,cell,resistance,,congenital,defects,,autoimmune,disease, (type,I),,infection,(viral),,and,vascular,diseases. what,does,TSH,do?,-,ans-✔✔stimulates,thyroid,gland,to,release what,does,T3/T4,do?,-,ans-✔✔increases,the,metabolic,rate,in,the,cells what,is,the,role,of,insulin?,-,ans-✔✔transport,glucose,and,other,substances,into,the,cells what,is,the,role,of,parathyroid,hormone?,-,ans-✔✔increases,blood,Carbonic,Anhydrase, 2 , (ca2),levels,by,stimulating,demineralization,and,increasing,absorption,of,ca2,in,the,digesti ve,tract,and,kidneys
what,does,SIADH,stand,for?,-,ans-✔✔syndrome,of,inappropriate,anti,diuretic,hormone what,is,the,definition,of,SIADH?,-,ans-✔✔increased,levels,of,ADH what,causes,SIADH?,-,ans-✔✔tumor,,pulmonary,disorder,,surgery,,meds what,are,the,symptoms,of,SIADH?,-,ans- ✔✔confusion,,thirst,,fatigue,,muscle,twitching,,anorexia,,nausea/vomiting what,is,diabetes,insipidus?,-,ans-✔✔decreased,levels,of,ADH what,causes,diabetes,insipidus?,-,ans- ✔✔inadequate,secretion,by,pituitary,or,response,by,kidneys what,are,the,symptoms,of,diabetes,insipidus?,-,ans- ✔✔polyuria,,increased,thirst,,decreased,BP,,increased,osmolarity, (too,many,solutes),,hypernatremia,,and,tachycardia what,is,hyperthyroid?,-,ans-✔✔increased,TH,levels ex),graves,disease,most,common what,causes,hyperthyroid?,-,ans-✔✔autoimmune what,the,symptoms,of,hyperthyroid?,-,ans-✔✔heat,intolerance,,weight,loss,,exopthalmos, (bulging,eyes),,toxic,goiter, (enlargement,of,the,thyroid),,thin,hair,,tachycardia,,diarrhea,,muscle,wasting,,and,tremors what,is,hypothyroid?,-,ans-✔✔decreased,production,of,TH what,causes,hypothyroid?,-,ans-✔✔autoimmune what,are,the,symptoms,of,hypothyroid?,-,ans-✔✔cold,intolerance,,periorbital,edema, (sunken,eyes),,bradycardia,,constipation,,edema,,hair,loss,,weight,gain,,dry,skin what,is,hyperglycemia?,-,ans-✔✔too,much,sugar,in,the,blood what,is,hypoglycemia?,-,ans-✔✔too,much,insulin,(insulin,shock),not,enough,sugar what,is,insulin,resistance?,-,ans-✔✔receptors,are,resistant,to,insulin,(type,II) what,is,insulin,deficiency?,-,ans-✔✔body,isn't,making,enough,insulin,(type,I) what,is,type,I,DM?,-,ans-✔✔insulin,deficiency,&,hyperglycemia
what,are,the,symptoms,of,diabetic,ketoacidosis?,-,ans- ✔✔kussmal,respiration(belly,breathing),,sweet,smelling,urine,,ketouria,,thirst,,nausea,,an orexia,,and,depression what,are,chronic,complications,of,DM?,-,ans- ✔✔acute,retinopathy,,diabetic,nephropathy,and,neuropathy,,CVD,,stroke,,infection,,perip heral,vascular,disease,,glaucoma,,or,cataracts what,is,osmosis?,-,ans- ✔✔movement,of,water,through,a,semipermeable,membrane,and,down,a,concentration,gr adient,(water,follows,solute) what,is,diffusion?,-,ans-✔✔movement,of,a,solute/ solid,through,a,semipermeable,membrane,and,down,a,concentration,gradient what,is,the,production,of,ATP,with,oxygen?,-,ans-✔✔oxygen, +,glucose=,aerobic,glycolysis,will,make, 3 ,ATP what,is,the,production,of,ATP,withOUT,oxygen?,-,ans- ✔✔anaerobic,phosphorylation,is,temporary,,occurs,when,you,workout,and,are,burning,too ,much,energy.,metabolic,acidosis, (pyruvate,acid,leads,to,lactic,acid)=bi,product.,will,make, 2 ,ATP,as,a,result. What,is,the,definition,of,cancer?,-,ans- ✔✔disease,in,which,abnormal,cell,divide,without,control,and,can,invade,nearby,tissues what,is,staging,of,cancer?,-,ans-✔✔based,on,lymph,involvement,and,size what,is,grading,of,cancer?,-,ans-✔✔based,off,of,degree,of,differentiation,(dysplasia/ anaplasia) what,is,the,definition,of,carcinogenesis?,-,ans-✔✔process,of,cancer,cells,being,made what,is,the,process,of,cancer?,-,ans-✔✔-initial,process/ exposure,irreversible,mutation,of,DNA,(mutant,cells) -Continued,exposure,to,malignant,tumor,will,eventually,lead,to,the,tumor,metastasizing what,are,the,risk,factors,of,cancer?,-,ans-✔✔genetics,,chemical,,biological,,viral, (HIV,,HepC,,HPV),,age,(elderly),,hormonal,(synthetic,,estrogen),,dietary, (decreased,fiber,and,increased,fat what,is,angiogenesis?,-,ans-✔✔the,development,of,blood,vessels (cancer,cells,have,the,ability,to,make,their,own,blood,supply,by,stealing,RBC's) what,are,the,hallmarks,of,cancer?,-,ans-✔✔-self,sufficiency,in,growth,signals
-insensitivity,to,anti-growth,signals -limitless,replicate,potential -evade,apoptosis -tissue,invasion,and,metastasis -sustained,angiogenesis -evade,immune,survelliance -oxidative,stress -metabolic,stress -proteotoxic,stress -mitotic,stress -DNA,damage,stress these,stressors:,oxidative,,metabolic,,proteotaxic,,mitotic,,and,DNA,damage,effect,healthy, body,cells,or,cancer,cells?,-,ans-✔✔healthy,body,cells what,are,LOCAL,signs,and,symptoms,of,inflammation?,-,ans- ✔✔redness,,heat,,swelling,and,pain what,are,SYSTEMIC,signs,and,symptoms,of,inflammation?,-,ans- ✔✔fever,,malaise,,fatigue,,headache,,anorexia,,and,increased,WBC's define,degranulation,-,ans-✔✔release,of,inflammatory,mediators, (cytotoxic,granules),by,mast,cells,that,degrade,bacteria define,chemotaxis,-,ans-✔✔migration,of,WBC's,to,injury,site define,exudate,-,ans- ✔✔accumulation,of,fluid,rich,in,protein,,WBC's,,and,debris,in,interstitial,space define,phagocytosis,-,ans-✔✔to,engulf,foreign,matter,microorganisms,or,debris what,is,the,purpose,of,inflammation?,-,ans- ✔✔to,protect,from,infection,,assist,healing,,remove,damaged,cells,,repair,damage,,and,to,i dentify,self,from,non-self what,is,a,genotype?,-,ans-✔✔genetic,sequence ex),dominant,and,recessive,genes what,is,a,phenotype?,-,ans-✔✔physical,appearance ex),brown,eyes what,are, 3 ,autosomal,recessive,diseases?,-,ans- ✔✔cystic,fibrosis,,sickle,cell,,and,color,blindess
less,than,150, what,occurs,if,the,human,body,has,less,than,10,000,platelets?,-,ans- ✔✔spontaneous,bleeding what,is,thombocythemia?,-,ans-✔✔too,many,platelets more,than,400, what,is,the,body,at,risk,for,there,are,more,than,400,000,platelets?,-,ans- ✔✔massive,risk,for,hypoxia,and,necrosis define,atherosclerosis,-,ans- ✔✔characterized,by,thickening,and,hardening,of,vessel,wall,caused,by,accumulation,of,pl aque,containing,lipids,,fibrin,,and,debris define,hypertension,-,ans-✔✔consistent,elevation,of,systemic,arterial,blood,pressure what,is,the,pathology,of,atherosclerosis?,-,ans-✔✔- damage,to,inner,wall,of,artery,called,endothelial -fatty,deposits,of,cholesterol, -macrophages,come,to,eat,LDL's -macros,become,foam,cells,and,get,stuck, -foam,cells,form,a,fatty,streak -fibrous,cap,is,formed,to,contain,damaged,area -plaque,is,now,formed -decreased,in,diameter,for,blood,flow -now,there,is,less,blood,flow -fibrous,cap,can,break,apart,and,travel,through,arteries risk,factors,for,atherosclerosis,-,ans- ✔✔HTN,,stroke,,MI,,smoking,,DM,,increased,LDL,,decreased,HDL,,autoimmunity,,and ,obesity what,is,a,thrombus?,-,ans-✔✔a,clot what,is,an,embolism?,-,ans-✔✔moving,clot what,does,HTN,stimulates,the,body,to,go,through,what,system?,-,ans-✔✔RAAS,system During,HTN,,what,happens,in,the,RAAS,system?,-,ans-✔✔-Release,of,Angiotensin -Causing,vasoconstriction,and,increased,blood,pressure -Release,of,Aldosterone -Hormone,,unit,of,the,kidneys -Aids,in,the,conservation,of,sodium -Secretion,of,potassium
-Water,retention -Stabilize,blood,pressure -Through,compensation -Causing,vasoconstriction,of,blood,vessels what,are,the,risk,factors,for,hypertension?,-,ans- ✔✔age,,smoking,,obesity,,alcohol,,males,,african,american,,increased,sodium,intake,,glu cose,intolerance what,is,a,patient,at,risk,for,with,HTN,and,or,atherosclerosis?,-,ans- ✔✔stroke,,blood,vessel,damage,,kidney,failure,,vision,loss,,heart,attack,,and,bone,loss define,portal,hypertension,-,ans-✔✔increased,blood,pressure,in,the,portal,venous what,is,the,pathology,of,portal,hypertension?,-,ans-✔✔-liver,damage -portal,HTN -increased,hydrostatic,pressure -fluid,shifts,out,of,portal,circulation,into,the,peritoneal,cavity -ascites -impaired,respiration -peritonitis -impaired,digestion/absorption what,causes,portal,HTN?,-,ans-✔✔cirrhosis,and,ride,sided,heart,failure, (most,common,causes),,obstruction,of,air,flow,,and,fibrosis,of,liver what,are,the,symptoms,of,portal,HTN?,-,ans- ✔✔Hematemesis:,Vomiting,of,blood,from,ruptured,veins,in,the,esophagus,,and,anemia what,is,cirrhosis?,-,ans-✔✔irreversible,inflammatory,fibrotic,liver,disease what,is,the,pathology,for,cirrhosis?,-,ans-✔✔-structural,changes,caused,by,injury -fibrosis -inflammation -jaundice/portal,HTN -toxin,accumulation, -interruption,of,regeneration -liver,failure what,are,the,risk,factors,for,cirrhosis?,-,ans-✔✔alcohol,and,Hep,C what,are,the,signs,and,symptoms,of,cirrhosis?,-,ans- ✔✔enlarged,liver,,anorexia,,nausea,,jaundice,,edema,,and,ascites what,is,a,complication,of,cirrhosis?,-,ans-✔✔portal,HTN
how,does,a,non-steroidal,hormone,get,to,the,nucleus?,-,ans- ✔✔needs,to,attach,itself,to,the,receptors,of,each,cell,and,work,together,to,create,enzymes, that,will,then,head,directly,to,the,nucleus
