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NR283: Pathophysiology Final Exam-
study guide
1. what is osteoporosis?: complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density
2. what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?: white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle,
and hyperparathyroidism
3. what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?: silent until fractures occur, back pain
4. what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis?: fractures
5. what is the health promotion for osteoporosis?: active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supple-ments
6. what is the pathology of osteoporosis?: -Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption -decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
- fractures. -Increased osteoclast activity -decreased osteoblast activity.
7. what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?: -chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoim-mune
disease -exaggerated immune response -neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and bone then T-cells -fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
2 / 17 -inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
8. what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?: inflammation, fever,
weakness, joint deformity, aching and stittness, painful, tender, and stitt joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
9. what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?: sys-temic
symptoms ex.) fever osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma rheumatoid: Autoimmune
10. what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk?: a twist of the bone looking like a spiral,
most common in children due to child abuse
11. what does RICE stand for in regards to injury?:
Rest Ice Compression Elevate
12. what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body?: Decrease pain
threshold=increased pain sensation ex.) Sun burn
13. what does seranin and GABA do for the body?: reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
14. what do endorphins do for the body?: prevent transmission of pain
signals ex.) exercise
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29. what is chronic pain?: pain lasting longer than 6 months, nonprotective
30. what is acute pain?: pain lasting less than 3 months, protective
31. what is a seizure?: massive firing of neurons at once
32. what risk factors and causes of seizures?: metabolic, congenital, genetic, perinatal, trauma,
infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse
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33. what is the preictal phase of a seizure?: Aura-visual/auditory sensation right before seizure
(minutes before seizure) Prodromal- nausea, irritablity, muscle twitching (hours before seizure)
34. what is the ictal phase of a seizure? (actual seizure): Tonic- muscle contraction, increased
rigidity, tight jaw, lose conciousness clonic- contraction/relaxation, jerking movements, increased salvation
35. what is the postictal phase of a seizure?: aching muscles, confusion, fatigue
36. how can seizures be life threatening?: aspiration, trauma, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia
37. what are the two types of stroke?: Ischemic and hemorrhagic
38. what type of ischemic strokes are there?: Thrombic and embolic
39. what is a ischemic-thrombic stroke?: occlusion forms in the brain caused by atherosclerosis.
40. what causes atherosclerosis?: HTN, DM, Increased LDL, decreeased HDL, and smoking
41. What is a Ischemic-embolic stroke?: clot travels from a ditterent location
42. what causes a clot to travel to the brain?: A-fib, arrhythmias, thrombocythemia (too many
platelets), and electrolyte imbalance (K+)
43. what causes a hemorrhagic stroke? (CVA): ruptured blood vessel is the leading cause
least common type of CVA
44. what causes vessels to rupture?: Trauma, HTN, drugs (cocaine), aneurysm, coagulant disorder
45. what are complications of a CVA?: paralysis, sensory loss, language disorder, reflex changes,
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56. what causes SIADH?: tumor, pulmonary disorder, surgery, meds
57. what are the symptoms of SIADH?: confusion, thirst, fatigue, muscle twitching, anorexia,
nausea/vomiting
58. what is diabetes insipidus?: decreased levels of ADH
59. what causes diabetes insipidus?: inadequate secretion by pituitary or response by kidneys
60. what are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?: polyuria, increased thirst, decreased BP,
increased osmolarity (too many solutes), hypernatremia, and tachycardia
61. what is hyperthyroid?: increased TH
levels ex) graves disease most common
62. what causes hyperthyroid?: autoimmune
63. what the symptoms of hyperthyroid?: heat intolerance, weight loss, exopthalmos (bulging
eyes), toxic goiter (enlargement of the thyroid), thin hair, tachycardia, diarrhea, muscle wasting, and tremors
64. what is hypothyroid?: decreased production of TH
65. what causes hypothyroid?: autoimmune
66. what are the symptoms of hypothyroid?: cold intolerance, periorbital edema (sunken eyes),
bradycardia, constipation, edema, hair loss, weight gain, dry skin
67. what is hyperglycemia?: too much sugar in the blood
68. what is hypoglycemia?: too much insulin (insulin shock) not enough sugar
69. what is insulin resistance?: receptors are resistant to insulin (type II)
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70. what is insulin deficiency?: body isn't making enough insulin (type I)
71. what is type I DM?: insulin deficiency & hyperglycemia
72. what causes type I DM?: autoimmune (body produces antibodies that attack beta cells)
73. who is most at risk of type I DM?: Children ages 10-15, family history, Asian, and African
Americans and environmental
74. what are symptoms of DM type I?: polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger),
polyuria (increased urine), weight loss, fatigue
75. how to test for DM type I?: HbA1c test
76. what treatment is there for Type I DM?: insulin replacement (injections)
77. what is type II DM?: non-insulin dependent (insulin resistance)
78. what causes type II DM?: obesity, increased fatty acids, chronic inflammation, hyperinsulinemia
79. what are the risk factors for type II DM?: obesity, native americans, alaskan, age (50+), HTN,
sedentary lifestyle, and family history
80. what are the symptoms of type II DM?: fatigue, increased BP, polydipsia, polyuria, FBS>
81. what is a test for type II DM?: HbA1c test
82. what treatment is there for Type II DM?: exercise, healthy diet, medication
83. what is metabolic syndrome?: increased abdominal circumference, increased LDLs, decreased
HDLs, increased BP, increased fasting glucose
84. whats the biggest risk for type II DM?: metabolic syndrome
10 / 17 invade nearby tissues
95. what is staging of cancer?: based on lymph involvement and size
96. what is grading of cancer?: based ott of degree of ditterentiation (dysplasia/anaplasia)
97. what is the definition of carcinogenesis?: process of cancer cells being made
98. what is the process of cancer?: -initial process/exposure irreversible mutation of DNA (mutant
cells) -Continued exposure to malignant tumor will eventually lead to the tumor metastasizing
99. what are the risk factors of cancer?: genetics, chemical, biological, viral (HIV, HepC, HPV), age
(elderly), hormonal (synthetic, estrogen), dietary (decreased fiber and increased fat
100. what is angiogenesis?: the development of blood vessels
(cancer cells have the ability to make their own blood supply by stealing RBC's)
101. what are the hallmarks of cancer?: -self suflciency in growth signals
-insensitivity to anti-growth signals -limitless replicate potential -evade apoptosis -tissue invasion and metastasis -sustained angiogenesis -evade immune survelliance -oxidative stress
11 / 17 -metabolic stress -proteotoxic stress -mitotic stress -DNA damage stress
102. these stressors: oxidative, metabolic, proteotaxic, mitotic, and DNA dam-
age effect healthy body cells or cancer cells?: healthy body cells
103. what are LOCAL signs and symptoms of inflammation?: redness, heat, swelling
and pain
104. what are SYSTEMIC signs and symptoms of inflammation?: fever, malaise, fatigue,
headache, anorexia, and increased WBC's
105. define degranulation: release of inflammatory mediators (cytotoxic granules) by mast cells that
degrade bacteria
106. define chemotaxis: migration of WBC's to injury site
107. define exudate: accumulation of fluid rich in protein, WBC's, and debris in interstitial space
108. define phagocytosis: to engulf foreign matter microorganisms or debris
109. what is the purpose of inflammation?: to protect from infection, assist healing, remove
damaged cells, repair damage, and to identify self from non-self
110. what is a genotype?: genetic
sequence ex) dominant and recessive genes
111. what is a phenotype?: physical appearance
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125. how many platelets does the human body have?: 250,000-400,
126. what are leukocytes?: WBC's
127. what do leukocytes do?: defends our body from outside factors and helps our immune system
128. how many WBC's does the human body have?: 5,000-10,
129. what is anemia?: reduction in O2 transport in RBC's
130. what is thrombocytopenia?: too little
platelets less than 150,
131. what occurs if the human body has less than 10,000 platelets?: spontaneous
bleeding
132. what is thombocythemia?: too many
platelets more than 400,
133. what is the body at risk for there are more than 400,000 platelets?: massive
risk for hypoxia and necrosis
134. define atherosclerosis: characterized by thickening and hardening of vessel wall caused by accumu-
lation of plaque containing lipids, fibrin, and debris
135. define hypertension: consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure
136. what is the pathology of atherosclerosis?: -damage to inner wall of artery called endothe-lial
-fatty deposits of cholesterol -macrophages come to eat LDL's
14 / 17 -macros become foam cells and get stuck -foam cells form a fatty streak -fibrous cap is formed to contain damaged area -plaque is now formed -decreased in diameter for blood flow -now there is less blood flow -fibrous cap can break apart and travel through arteries
137. risk factors for atherosclerosis: HTN, stroke, MI, smoking, DM, increased LDL, decreased
HDL, autoimmunity, and obesity
138. what is a thrombus?: a clot
139. what is an embolism?: moving clot
140. what does HTN stimulates the body to go through what system?: RAAS system
141. During HTN, what happens in the RAAS system?: -Release of Angiotensin
-Causing vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure -Release of Aldosterone -Hormone, unit of the kidneys -Aids in the conservation of sodium -Secretion of potassium -Water retention
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148. what is cirrhosis?: irreversible inflammatory fibrotic liver disease
149. what is the pathology for cirrhosis?: -structural changes caused by injury
- fibrosis
- inflammation -jaundice/portal HTN -toxin accumulation -interruption of regeneration -liver failure
150. what are the risk factors for cirrhosis?: alcohol and Hep C
151. what are the signs and symptoms of cirrhosis?: enlarged liver, anorexia, nausea,
jaundice, edema, and ascites
152. what is a complication of cirrhosis?: portal HTN
153. Renal obstruction is caused by what?: idiopathic, tumor, inflammation, scarring, stenosis, and
prostate
154. what are the signs and symptoms of renal obstruction?: flank pain, urgency,
nausea, vomiting, and hematuria
155. what is a calculi?: kidney stones
156. what causes kidney stones?: mostly increased Calcium in the body, supersaturation of salts in
urine absence of stone inhibitors, and dehydration
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157. what is a renal infection?: inflammation of the urinary epithelium by bacteria
158. what are the signs and symptoms of a renal infection?: fever, chills, groin/flank pain,
frequency, dysuria, and hematuria
159. what is cystitis?: infection of the bladder
160. if you have an infection in the bladder what kind of pain will the patient be
experiencing?: groin pain
161. what is pyelonephritis?: infection of the kidneys
162. if you have an infection in the kidneys, what kind of pain will the patient
be experiencing?: flank pain
163. what are complications of renal infection/obruction?: sepsis, and renal failure
164. what signs and symptoms would the elderly be experienceing with renal
obstuction or infection?: asymptomatic, and confusion (could become aggressive)
165. are steroidal hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?: lipid soluble
166. are non-steroidal hormones water soluble or lipid soluble?: water soluble
167. what is an example of a non-steroidal hormone?: insulin
168. what is an example of a steroidal hormone?: testosterone
169. how does a steroid hormone get to the nucleus?: directly
170. how does a non-steroidal hormone get to the nucleus?: needs to attach itself to the
receptors of each cell and work together to create enzymes that will then head directly to the nucleus
