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Phonological Processes, Speech Communication, Perception of Voiced Sounds, Phonological Features, Patterning of Sounds, Phonotactics, Model these Patterns, Alternations and Underlying Forms represents lecture layout.
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Week 12: Phonological Processes: How canwe describe the patterns found in speech?^ o Phonological Featureso Patterning of Sounds: Phonotacticso Alternations and Underlying Formso Ordering of rules/constraintso Phonetics and Phonology Case Study
Perception involves: Detection of acoustic cues associated witharticulatory configurationsKnowing a lot about acoustics!Deducing of the speakerās intended message,with reference to acoustic cues.
What are the acoustic cues for the voicingcontrast in English Aspiration: word (and syllable) initially voicelessstops are accompanied by aspiration.Others? Lisker (1986) lists sixteen, and admitsthere could be more!What cues are there to signal voiced sounds?
āSay cab twiceā
the vowel (about 80 ms) prior to the /b/
preceding vowel length
speech perception.
preceding vowel duration, ā¦}
abstractionā¦calling them phonetic features is amisnomer
capture Natural Classes
b, d, d, , v, z,
, l, m, n,
d
p, t, t, k, f, s, , h, t
i.e. have a + or - value
blade or front of tongue. Dentals/Alveolarsā¦
velars/uvulars
Patterning of Sounds
many kinds of sequences and in differentdomains
beginning of a word, and CCCC at the end of aword e.g strengths [
st kts
nasal-consonant sequences
from a
range of languages.
Ndali (a Bantu language)
The prefix in these data consists of a vowel and anasal consonant (/iN+/. Stem
Prefixed form
p
uno
imb
uno
nose
tunje
ind
unje
banana
k
unda
i^
unda
dove
ale
imb
ale
plate
fuwa
if
uwa
hippopotamus
satu
is
atu
python
*[
] = a voiced bilabial fricative ā check out the IPA chart.
We use a
two-level
model, with a derivational approach.
Input
= /prefix + stem/
Output = the actual occurring forms (phoneticrepresentation)
-^
What links the two levels are the strategies for dealingwith e.g. disallowed sequences:either ārepairā strategies
a ābetterā sequence or deletion
problematic sequence
Alternations and Underlying Forms
dataset showing morphological paradigm
underlying forms. THE END.
ācomplexityā, and then propose the underlyingform.
-^
There are no alternations between stem (nominativeform) and stem+affix
-^
Therefore, lexical forms are /
ko
/, /
lu
/, /
t'ak
/,
/
t
/ and /
stu(n
/
āmy boatā
[^
stu(n
an
]
āboatā
[^
stu(n
]
āmy houseā
[^
t
an
]
āhouse
[^
t
]
āmy tableā
[^
t'ak
an
]
ātableā
[^
t'ak
]
āmy coatā
[^
lu
an
]
ācoatā
[^
lu
]
āmy headā
[^
ko
an
]
āheadā
[ ko
^
]
possessive
nominative
