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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Designing Your Paper
Practical Research 1 Quarter 1 – Module 1 – Fusing Experience and Knowledge Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or
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Practical Research 1 Quarter 2 – Module 1– Designing Your Paper Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: Shiela Mae Bongon-Buara Editor: Lany M. Abainza Illustrator: Jason C. Borabo Layout Artist: Atty. Catherine B. Panti Reviewers: Lany M. Abainza MASBATE CITY DIVISION (headed by Jeanette M. Romblon)
Fact Check Directions : Read the sentences. After each number, mark check (√) if you think that the sentence is true about research approaches. Mark cross (X) if you think that it is not. Write your answers on your notebook.
- Historical study analyzes a group of people to understand better their culture.
- Ethnographic study is not only limited to obtaining data from the past but also involves relating their implications to the present and future time.
- Case study involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over a period of time.
- Phenomenological study examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents.
- Grounded theory involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, and hypothesis that state relations between these categories and properties emerge. Does It Suit Me? Directions: Read the scenarios below and react whether the researcher uses an appropriate research design for his/her research study. Write your answer on a one whole sheet of paper.
- Bella would like to know how students in the remote area feel about online classes so she would be writing a case study about it.
- Kyle finds muslim culture interesting. He would like to know the wedding rites and traditions that Muslims follow. He thought of writing an ethnographic research of it.
- Jam would like to know the role of social media to people in this pandemic. He would like to write a phenomenological study about this.
- Krissy would like to study the earlier patterns of movements in the Philippines, specifically 1939-1970 period to analyze the changes in population distribution over time. She will be writing a historical research. YOUR READINESS CHECK YOUR INITIAL TASK
You did an awesome job there! This time read Your Guide to check whether your responses are correct.
- Vhale interviewed ten counselors to help determine how their professional identity is formed. She’ll be using grounded theory for this study. Five Major Research Designs
- The ethnographic approach to qualitative research comes largely from the field of anthrolopogy. The emphasis in an ethnography is on studying an entire culture. Originally, the idea of a culture was tied to the notion of ethnicity and geographic location (e.g.,culture of Panay Islands), but it has been broadened to include virtually any group or organization. That is, we can study the “culture” of a business or defined group (e.g.,a Rotary club). (Trochim, 2006) ETHNOGRAPHY Purpose- to describe a culture’ characteristics Method
- Identify culture, variables for study, and review literature
- Data collection-gain entrance to culture; immerse self in culture; acquire informants; gather data through direct observation and interaction with subjects Key Stages of Ethnographic Research
- Stage One: Research Question
- Stage Two: Participant Observation
- Stage Three: Making Field Notes
- Stage Four: Reflection and the Writing Up of Field Notes
- Stage Five: Interviewing
- Stage Six: Interpretation of Interviews
- Stage Seven: Writing Up the Ethnographic Research Advantages of Ethnographic Research
- Direct Observation
- Links with Theory
- Detailed Data YOUR GUIDE
➢ Describe experiences of phenomenon ➢ Direct observation ➢ Audio or videotape
- Methodology of Phenomenology a. Bracketing-process of identifying and holding in abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions that one may have about phenomenon that is being researched b. Intuition-occurs wen the researcher remains open to the meaning attributed to the phenomenology those who have experienced it. c. Analysis-involves process such as coding (open, axial, and selective), categorizing and making sense of the essential meanings of the phenomenon Advantages of Phenomenology Phenomenology provides for:
- in depth understanding of individual phenomena
- rich data from the experiences of individuals. (Van Manen, 1990) Disadvantages of Phenomenology
- The subjectivity of the data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and validity of approaches and information.
- It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher induced bias.
- There can be difficulty in ensuring pure bracketing – this can lead to interference in the interpretation of the data.
- The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of results can make them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners.
- Phenomenology does not produce generalizable data.
- Because the samples are generally very small, can we ever say that the experiences are typical?
- The original Husserlian/Heideggerian texts were written in German, and translations of words could lose the special meaning that was assigned to them by Husserl and Heidegger.
- On a particular note, it is important to consider the possible difficulties of participants expressing themselves.
- Participants need to be interested and articulate-problems that can cause difficulties in being able to express themselves include foreign language, age, brain damage, and embarrassment. (Van Manen, 1990) Data Analysis
- Classify and rank data
- sense of wholeness
- examine experiences beyond human awareness or cannot be communicated
Outcomes
- Findings described from subject’s point-of-view
- Researcher identifies themes
- Structural explanationof findings is developed
- Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach that was originally developed by Glaser and Strauss in the 1960s. The self-defined purpose of grounded theory is to develop a theory about phenomena of interest. But it is not just abstract theorizing they’re talking about. Instead , the theory needs to be grounded or rooted in observation-hence the term. (Trochim, 2006) Grounded Theory Purpose-theory development
- Used in discovering what problems exist in a social science and how persons handle them
- Involves formulation, testing and redevelopment of propositions until a theory is developed Stages of Grounded Theory
- Data collection
- Note taking
- Coding (open, axial, selective) into categories and properties
- Memoing
- Sorting/Integration
- Writing (Glasser & Strauss, 1967) Advantages of Grounded Theory
- systematic and rigorous procedure
- rich data from the experiences of individuals (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) Disadvantages of Grounded Theory
- The subjectivity of data leads to difficulties in establishing reliability and validity of approaches and information.
- It is difficult to detect or to prevent researcher-induced bias.
- The presentation of results-the highly qualitative nature of the results can make them difficult to present in a manner that is usable by practitioners. (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) Method-steps occur simultaneously; a constant comparative process
- Data Collection-interview, observation, record review, or combination
Case Study Purpose-describe in-depth the experience of one person, family, group, community, or institution Method
- Direct observation and interaction with subject Analysis-synthesis of experience Outcomes-in-depth description of the experience Task 1: Word Web Directions: Create a word web of the different research designs. Follow the instructions below.
- Take a long size bond paper and draw a circle.
- Then, draw five more circles around the central circle.
- Draw arrows pointing from the central circle to the outer circles.
- The outer circles should contain key words that make you understand the research design well. Task 2: What design fits me? Directions: Read and analyze each question and identify what research design is appropriate for each. Choose your answers from the choices in the box. Write the letter of the correct answer in a ½ sheet of paper.
- What were the roles of women in the Katipunan?
- What are the effects of cyber bullying among victims?
- What are the effects of having absentee parents to students?
- What coping mechanisms do patients employ after major surgery?
- What are the spending practices of parents with children attending college?
- What are the reactions of parents towards the new normal setting in education during the pandemic?
- What are the trainings of Aeta teachers from Cantillejos, Zambales for the past ten years to provide insights into the formulation of a teacher education model for indigenous people?
- What are the demographic profile and migratory adaptations of squatter families in Barangay Cutcut, Angeles City (Dela Cruz, 1994)? YOUR DISCOVERY TASK A. Phenomenology C. Case Study E. Grounded Theory B. Ethnographic D. Historical
If you would like to know more about the characteristics, processes and ethics of research, you may visit the links below: http://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/qualdsgn.html https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/c.php?g=864846&p= 3 https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/research-center/student- research/research-design
- What were the experiences of Filipino people during the declaration of Martial Law in the time of Marcos’ rule?
- How did the Reming survivors recover from the physical devastation and haunting memories brought about by the typhoon?
Five Major Research Designs
- Phenomenological Study ➢ It examines human experiences (lived experiences) through the descriptions provided by subjects or respondents. ➢ The goal of this study is to describe the meaning that experiences hold for each subject.
- Ethnography ➢ This study analyzes a group of people to understand better their culture. ➢ Key Informants are the key persons who provide information for the study. ➢ The main purpose of this study is the development of cultural theories.
- Historical Study ➢ Identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from past events. ➢ This is not only limited to obtaining data from the past but also involves relating their implications to the present and future time.
- Case Study ➢ This involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group, or situation over a period of time.
- Grounded Theory Study ➢ The method involves comparing collected units of data against one another until categories, and hypothesis that state relations between these categories and properties emerge. LET’S SUM IT UP
References Cristobal, A. P. & Cristobal, M. C. D. (2017). Practical research for senior high school. Quezon City, Manila: C & E Publishing, Inc. Jerusalem, V. L., Garcia, M. D.R., Palencia, J. M. & Palencia, M. M. (2017). Practical research 1: Basics of qualitative research. Sampaloc, Manila: Fastbooks. Matira, M. D.(2016). Practical research for the 21st^ century learners. Sampaloc, Manila: St. Augustine Publications, Inc. Prieto, N. G., Naval, V. C., & Carey, T. G. (2017). Practical research 1. Quezon City, Metro Manila: Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). abeyance.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abeyance Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Holistic.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/holistic Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Inhibitions.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/inhibitions Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Archives.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/archives Merriam-Webster.(n.d.). Phenomena.In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phenomena
Answer Key
Your Vocabulary Builder
Fill Me
- abeyance
- holistic
- inhibitions
- archives
- phenomena
Your Readiness Check
Fact Check
- X
- X
- √
- √
- √
Your Initial Task
Does It Suit Me? (Answers may vary.)
Your Discovery Task
Task 1: Word Web (Answers may vary. ) Task 2: What Design Fits Me?
**1. D
- A
- A
- C
- A
- E
- B
- B
- D
- C**
Your Final Task
Task 1: Complete Me! (Answers may vary.) Task 2: Exit Slips (Answers may vary)
