Download RSED 3000 Exam 2 – Practice Questions, Study Guide & Special Education Exam Review 2026-32 and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
RSED 3000 Exam 2 – Practice Questions, Study Guide &
Special Education Exam Review 2026
IDEA Definition of Autism - ANS ✔✔i) Autism means a developmental disability affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. ii) Other characteristics often associated with autism are engagement in repetitive activities and stereotyped movements, resistance to environmental change or change in daily routines, and unusual responses to sensory experiences. iii) Autism does not apply if a child's educational performance is adversely affected primarily because the child has a serious emotional disturbance. APA Definition of Autism - ANS ✔✔Autistic disorder is marked by 3 defining features with onset before age 3: (a) qualitative impairment of social interaction (e.g., lack of social or emotional reciprocity and affect); (b) qualitative impairment of communication (e.g., delay or total absence of spoken language); and (c) restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities (e.g., stereotypic or repetitive speech or motor behavior, excessive adherence to routines, preoccupation with unusual objects). Asperger's Syndrome - ANS ✔✔Impairments in all social areas, particularly an inability to understand how to interact socially. These children do not have general language delay, and most have average or above average intelligence. Childhood Disintegrative Disorder - ANS ✔✔Shares characteristics with autistic disorder, but doesn't begin until after the age of 2 and sometimes not until age 10
Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) - ANS ✔✔Diagnosis given to children who meet some, but not all, of the criteria for autistic disorder Proposed DSM-5 definition of ASD - ANS ✔✔DSM-5 combines two core deficit areas - impairments in social interaction and impairments in communication - into a single domain of social/communication deficits and subsumes Asperger's disorder into a single diagnostic category of autism spectrum disorder. A child diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder will be ascribed one of three levels of severity based on the amount of support required. What is the percentage of students with ASD who don't speak? - ANS ✔✔50% Echolalia - ANS ✔✔Verbatim repetitions of what people around them have said; common communication deficit for people with autism Characteristics of ASD - ANS ✔✔1) Impaired social relationships o Extreme aloofness o Deficits in joint attention
- Communication and language deficits o About half of children with autism do not speak o Echolalia is common among those who do talk o Concrete or literal processing of verbal information is common
- Repetitive, ritualistic, and unusual behavior patterns o Some children exhibit stereotypy - a pattern of persistent and repetitive behaviors Insistence on sameness and perseveration o Children with autism often have issues about routines
o Speech and language impairments in the areas of semantics, pragmatics, and prosody; pedantic, odd speech patterns; formal style of speaking o Difficulty understanding others' feelings o Extensive vocabulary o Perfectionistic, frustrated when asked to submit work one feels is below standard o Difficulty developing and maintaining friendships Prevalence of ASD - ANS ✔✔Recent estimates - 1 in 110 births (30-121 cases per 10,000 births) Rise in prevalence Boys affected 4 to 5 times more often Fastest growing category in special education Idiopathic ASD - ANS ✔✔Cases of autism for which the etiology, or cause, is unknown (90-95% of cases) Genetic risk factors for ASD - ANS ✔✔Autism clearly has a genetic component Complex inheritance - multiple genetic factors involved Parents who have a child with autism have a 19% chance overall of having a second child with autism Basic Screening Instruments for ASD - ANS ✔✔1. Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT)
- Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT)
- Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ)
- Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ)
- Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS2)
- Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
- Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS) ABA - ANS ✔✔Applied Behavioral Analysis ABA provides a scientific approach to designing, conducting, and evaluating instruction based on empirically verified principles describing functional relationships between events in the environment and behavior change. No other treatment has the amount or quality of scientific research attesting to its effectiveness. ABA uses behavioral principles such as positive reinforcement to teach children skills in a planned, systematic manner and gives opportunities to practice these skills in different settings. What ABA is - ANS ✔✔ABA is individualized. ABA is data-based evaluation and decision making. ABA is designed to be effective because assessment is continuous throughout. ABA is doable. ABA is intensive but has proven results. DTT - ANS ✔✔Discrete Trial Training One on one sessions during which a routinized sequence of contrived learning trials is presented as teacher and child sit at a table. Each sequence of antecedent stimulus, child response, and consequence is a trial. DTT plays an important role in ABA but is not ABA or required for ABA. Effective treatments: Visual Supports - ANS ✔✔Picture activity schedules Social stories
- Semantics
- Pragmatics Phonology - ANS ✔✔Rules determining how sounds can be sequenced and combined Morphology - ANS ✔✔Rules for the meaning of sounds Free - can stand alone in meaning Bound - do not carry meaning by themselves Syntax - ANS ✔✔The system of rules governing the meaningful arrangement of words. Semantics - ANS ✔✔Concerns the meaning of words and combination of words. Pragmatics - ANS ✔✔Governs the social use of language. Involves using language for different purposes, changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, and following rules for conversations and storytelling. Speech - ANS ✔✔The oral production of language. Involves respiration, phonation resonation, and articulation. Typical Language Development - ANS ✔✔Birth to 6mos: Communication by smiling, crying and babbling 7mos to 1yr: Babbling becomes differentiated 1 to 1.5yrs: Learns to say several words 1.5 to 2yrs: Word "spurt" begins
2 to 3yrs: Talk in sentences, vocabulary grows 3 years on: Vocabulary grows After 5yrs, the typical child has a conceptual understanding of how many words? - ANS ✔✔20, Language delay vs. Language disorder - ANS ✔✔Delay - slow to develop linguistic skills but acquires them in typical sequence Disorder - disruption in the usual rate and/or sequence in which specific language skills emerge True or False: Most people who stutter are fluent 90% of the time - ANS ✔✔True What are the four speech sound errors? - ANS ✔✔Distortion Substitution Omission Addition Communication disorders ASHA definition - ANS ✔✔An impairment in the ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts of verbal, nonverbal, and graphic symbols systems Communication disorders IDEA definition - ANS ✔✔A communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance Types of Speech Impairments - ANS ✔✔Articulation disorders - errors in the production of sounds
ο Autism ο Traumatic brain injury ο Child abuse and neglect ο Hearing loss ο Structural abnormalities of the speech mechanism ο Aphasia (usually caused by stroke) ο Genetics ο Environmental factors Causes of Speech Impairments - ANS ✔✔• Cleft palate
- Paralysis of the speech muscles
- Absence of teeth
- Craniofacial abnormalities
- Enlarged adenoids
- Traumatic brain injury
- Dysarthria Identification and Assessment of Communication Disorders - ANS ✔✔- Screening and teacher observation -Evaluation involving: Case history and physical examination Articulation Hearing Phonological awareness and processing Vocabulary and overall language development test Assessment of language function Observation in natural settings
Treatment of Fluency Disorders - ANS ✔✔Lidcombe Program - ignore child's stuttering initially and reinforce fluent utterances with frequent praise Prolong certain sounds or speak slowly to get through a "block" No single treatment for stuttering Prevalence of Communication Disorders - ANS ✔✔2.5% of all school age children, 19% of all children received special education services Second largest category under IDEA 2/3 are boys What percent of students outgrow their dysfluencies? - ANS ✔✔65 to 80% Educational Alternatives for Communication Disorders - ANS ✔✔87% in general education classroom 6% in resource rooms 4.6% in separate classrooms Dialects are not disorders - ANS ✔✔• A child who uses a dialect different from the dominant culture of the school should not be treated as having a communication disorder
- However, some children with communication differences have communication disorders within their dialects that should not be overlooked ASHA - ANS ✔✔American Speech-Language-Hearing Association IDEA Definition of Hearing Loss - ANS ✔✔A loss in hearing that adversely affects educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness; use their hearing to understand speech with the help of a hearing aid
Hertz (Hz) - ANS ✔✔The frequency or pitch of sound is measured in cycles per second (range most important for hearing spoken language is 500 to 2,000 Hz) Academic achievement in deafness - ANS ✔✔Students with hearing loss have difficulty with all areas of academic achievement, especially reading and math, and the gap widens with age. Approximately 30% of deaf students leave school functionally illiterate. Social functioning and deafness - ANS ✔✔Children with hearing loss often report feeling isolated, without friends, and unhappy in school and are more likely to have behavioral difficulties. Types of hearing loss - ANS ✔✔Conductive hearing impairment - involves a problem with the conduction, or transmission, of sound vibrations to the inner ear due to abnormalities or complications of the outer or middle ear Sensory hearing impairment - damage to the cochlea Neural hearing impairment - abnormality or failure of the auditory nerve pathway Congenital vs. acquired hearing loss - ANS ✔✔Present at birth vs. appears after birth How many causes of hearing loss have been identified? - ANS ✔✔ 400 Causes of Congenital Hearing Loss - ANS ✔✔Genetic Factors (50%) Maternal Rubella Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Premature birth
Causes of Acquired Hearing Loss - ANS ✔✔Otitis Media (Ear infection) Meningitis (Most common) Meniere's Disease Noise-induced hearing loss Identification and Assessment of Hearing Loss - ANS ✔✔All infants should be screened by one month, screening measures physiological response to sound Pure-tone audiometry - determines how loud sounds at various frequencies must be for the child/adult to hear them Speech reception test - the lowest decibel level at which the individual can repeat half of the words SRT - ANS ✔✔Speech reception test - the lowest decibel level at which the individual can repeat half of the words CMV - ANS ✔✔Congenital Cytomegalovirus Educational Placement Alternatives for Deafness/Hearing Loss - ANS ✔✔54% general education classroom 17% resource room 16% special classrooms 12% special schools What percent of students with hearing loss go to college? - ANS ✔✔40% ASL - ANS ✔✔American Sign Language
Legal definition of blindness - ANS ✔✔A person whose visual acuity is 20/ or less after the best possible correction with glasses or contact lenses. Legal definition partially sighted - ANS ✔✔A person whose visual acuity is 20/70 in the better eye after correction is considered partially sighted. multiple disabilities - ANS ✔✔concomitant impairments, the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accomplished in programs for solely one of the impairments deaf-blindness - ANS ✔✔concomitant hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication, developmental, and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special educational programs for children with solely deafness or blindness What percentage of students with deaf-blindness have one or more additional disabilities? - ANS ✔✔90% What are the seven characteristics of students with severe disabilities? - ANS ✔✔-slow acquisition rate of new skills -poor generalization and maintenance of newly learned skills -limited communication skills -impaired physical and motor development -deficits in self-help skills -infrequent constructive behavior and interaction -stereotypic and challenging behavior severe disabilities - ANS ✔✔no widely accepted definition; includes students with significant impairments in intellectual, motor, and/or social functioning -IQ: 35-40, 40-
-need instruction in basic skills that most children develop in the first 5 years of life profound disabilities - ANS ✔✔functions at a level no higher than a typically developing 2 year old in all five ares of cognition, communication, social skills, motor mobility, and activities of daily living -IQ: 20- -need constant observation and monitoring What are some causes of severe and profound disabilities? - ANS ✔✔-brain dysgenesis (abnormal brain development) -brain damage (caused by influences that alter the structure or function of a brain that had been developing normally up to that point) -chromosomal abnormalities -complications of pregnancy (prematurity, Rh incompatibility, infectious diseases) -TBI -neglect, malnutrition, toxins, disease What is an open head injury? - ANS ✔✔a head injury that involves the penetration of the skull What is a closed head injury? - ANS ✔✔a head injury where the head hits or is hit so hard that the brain slams against the inside of the cranium TBI - ANS ✔✔traumatic brain injury What should teachers do for students with severe and profound disabilities? - ANS ✔✔-assess the student's current level of performance -clearly define the skills to be taught
mild and do not adversely affect educational performance to the degree where special education is needed -the human brain has a remarkable capacity to naturally compensate for injury, and recovery is good following most mild to moderate brain injuries -many students with mild brain injuries are identified and served under another disability category, most likely learning disabilities or emotional or behavioral disorders functional curricula - ANS ✔✔knowledge and skills that some students with disabilities must be taught to achieve as much success and independence as they can in school, home, community, and employment settings functional skills - ANS ✔✔skills that are immediately useful, frequently required in the student's daily activities, and they are valued by people in those settings ex. dressing oneself, preparing a snack, riding a public bus, purchasing items from vending machines, responding appropriately to common sight words Why is it important to teach students with severe and profound disabilities to make choices and empower them? - ANS ✔✔-the opportunities to choose and the ability to make choices are important indicators of a student's quality of life -it is easier and faster to complete a task for someone with disabilities than to teach them the task, but this treatment deprives the individual of potentially valuable learning experiences and fosters learned helplessness What is self advocacy? - ANS ✔✔teaching the students with disabilities to be their own advocates- fighting for their rights and raising awareness OI - ANS ✔✔orthopedic impairment OHI - ANS ✔✔other health impairment
ADHD - ANS ✔✔attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder AIDS - ANS ✔✔acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV - ANS ✔✔human immunodeficiency virus CP - ANS ✔✔cerebral palsy hypotonia - ANS ✔✔weak, floppy muscles, especially in the neck and trunk IDEA definition of orthopedic impairment - ANS ✔✔a severe orthopedic impairment adversely affects a child's educational performance; includes impairments caused by -congenital abnormalities (club foot, absence of limb) -disease (polio, bone tuberculosis) -impairments from other diseases (e.g. cerebral palsy, amputations, burns) orthopedic impairment - ANS ✔✔involves the skeletal system-bones, joints, limbs and associated muscles neuromotor impairment - ANS ✔✔involves the central nervous system, affecting the ability to move, use, feel, or control certain parts of the body IDEA definition of other health impairment - ANS ✔✔OHI means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to educational environment that -is due to chronic or acute health problems
