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Test 2 Study Guide - Engineering Exploration | ENGE 1024, Study notes of Engineering

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)Engineering
Prof. Donatus C. Ohanehi

Test 2 Study Guide Material Type: Notes; Professor: Ohanehi; Class: Engineering Exploration; Subject: Engineering Education; University: Virginia Polytechnic Institute And State University; Term: Fall 2009;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 11/10/2010

abirdas
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Flowcharting
Terminator
oTerminators are used to begin (START) or end Start or Stop) (STOP) logic flow.
Note the shape of this symbol; it is not oval.
Input / Output
oIndicate INPUT or OUTPUT within the symbol and, below, the variable names
that store the values.
Process
oBlocks generally contain a single value assignment statement: one variable left off
“=” all variables of “=” have numeric values note that characters specific to a
programming language should be used
Test / Decision
oDecision diamonds contain “test” conditions that select the subsequent logic flow
path. Always label the two exit lines (TRUE or FALSE)
Loop / Repetition
oThe hexagon contains condition that must be met in order for the loop logic
sequence to execute
On-Page Connector
oA connector contains a number to indicate the matching connector. Circles are
used when the two matches connectors are on the same page
Off-Page Connector
oThese connectors also contain numbers to indicate the matching set. The small
pentagon is used when the two matching connectors are on different pages
Node
oNodes are used to connect converging logic flow lines when arrow heads would
otherwise meet
Basic Line Rules
1. Lines always run horizontally or vertically
2. Use arrow heads at the end of every line to indicate the direction of logic flow
3. Join lines using a node when arrowheads would otherwise meet
4. Lines run vertically through a sequential set of symbols should be aligned
horizontally. Lines that run horizontally through a sequential set of symbols
should be aligned vertically
5. Converging lines of the same orientation that join at a node should be aligned
Entrance and Exit Rules
1. Terminators
Start – one line out
Stop – one line in
2. Input / output
One line in one line out
3. Process
One line in one line out
4. Test / Decision
One line in at the top or left point and two labeled lines out (always, as
True to the right, False goes down
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Flowcharting  Terminator o Terminators are used to begin (START) or end Start or Stop) (STOP) logic flow. Note the shape of this symbol; it is not oval.  Input / Output o Indicate INPUT or OUTPUT within the symbol and, below, the variable names that store the values.  Process o Blocks generally contain a single value assignment statement: one variable left off “=” all variables of “=” have numeric values note that characters specific to a programming language should be used  Test / Decision o Decision diamonds contain “test” conditions that select the subsequent logic flow path. Always label the two exit lines (TRUE or FALSE)  Loop / Repetition o The hexagon contains condition that must be met in order for the loop logic sequence to execute  On-Page Connector o A connector contains a number to indicate the matching connector. Circles are used when the two matches connectors are on the same page  Off-Page Connector o These connectors also contain numbers to indicate the matching set. The small pentagon is used when the two matching connectors are on different pages  Node o Nodes are used to connect converging logic flow lines when arrow heads would otherwise meet  Basic Line Rules

  1. Lines always run horizontally or vertically
  2. Use arrow heads at the end of every line to indicate the direction of logic flow
  3. Join lines using a node when arrowheads would otherwise meet
  4. Lines run vertically through a sequential set of symbols should be aligned horizontally. Lines that run horizontally through a sequential set of symbols should be aligned vertically
  5. Converging lines of the same orientation that join at a node should be aligned  Entrance and Exit Rules
  6. Terminators  Start – one line out  Stop – one line in
  7. Input / output  One line in one line out
  8. Process  One line in one line out
  9. Test / Decision  One line in at the top or left point and two labeled lines out (always, as True to the right, False goes down
  1. Loop / Repetition  Two lines in and two lines out (always, the loop exit is to the right, the loop return enters at the left point and entrance to loop logic sequence goes down
  2. Connectors  One line in or one line out – these occur in pairs
  3. Node  Up to three lines in one line out  General Rules o Always begin with a “START” o Always end with a “STOP” o Process rectangle should contain the mathematical equation used in the process step; the equation should be written in the form or a value assignment statement. (one has a signal variable to the left of the equal sign, all other variables to the right)
  4. volume = length · area , where length and area have been assigned numeric values previously, and this statement assigns the value of the product ( length·area ) to the variable volume.
  5. average = sum / number , where sum and number have been assigned numeric values previously, and this statement assigns the value of the quotient ( sum/number ) to the variable average.
  6. angleA = arcsin ( a / hypotenuse ) , where a and hypotenuse have been assigned numeric values previously, and this statement assigns the value of arcsin(a/hypotenuse) to the variable angleA. It should be noted that most computer languages have a library of functions that will include the arcsine.
  7. circumference = 2 · pi · radius , where radius and pi have been assigned numeric values previously, and this statement assigns the value of the product ( 2·pi·radius ) to the variable circumference. Most computer languages store a value for pi in a library function 5.. N = N + 1 is a “counting” value assignment statement; it is not an arithmetic equation. Here N has acurrent value, the numeric value assigned by some previous statement, and this counting statement adds the value 1 to the current value of N , and assigns the value of that sum ( N+1 ) to N , overwriting the “current value.” So, if N = 3 just prior to the execution of this statement, then N = 4 just after the execution of this statement. Please note that similar statements can be used to increment a variable (e.g., depth = depth + 0.05 ). GraphingLinear o y = mx + b o m =

Y 2 − Y 1

X 2 − X 1

Exponential o Y = b emx o Ln(y) = mx + ln(b)

o Semi-log graph paper: grid lines in one direction are equally spaced by the other follow a logarithmic relationship o Full-log graph paper: all grid lines follow logarithmic relationship  independent variable: the variable that can be controlled by the experimenter  measurement o the act of using instruments to determine the numerical value of a physical quantity  method of selected points o based on a visual best fit of a straight line to the data on a graph  precision o the repeatability of a measurements  Performance evaluation o Making measurements to ascertain that a system is functioning properly  Process control o Feedback operation in which measurements are used to maintain processes within specific operating condition  Accounting o Keeping a record of the use or flow of a specific quantity  Research o Investigating fundamental scientific phenomena  Design o Testing new products and processes in order to verify their functionality  Axis o Horizontal (abscissa) o Vertical (ordinate) Ethics: code of ethics provides a framework for ethical judgment for a professonal  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering IEEE : short and deals with generalities  National Society of Personal Engineers NSPE : much longer and more detailed  Profession o Work that requires sophisticated skills, the use of judgment, and the exercise of discretion. Also, the work is not routine and is not capable of being mechanized  Moral Theory o Defines terms in uniform ways and links ideas and problems together in consistent ways  Utilitarianism o Seeks to produce the most utility, defined as a balance between good and bad consequences of an action, taking into account the consequences for everyone affected o Those actions are good that serve to the maximize human well-being o No on maximizing the well-being of the individual but rather maximizing the well-being of society as a whole o Act utilitarianism: focuses on individual actions rather than on rules o Rule utilitarianism: moral rules are more important

Cost-Benefit analysis o The costs of a project are assessed, as are the benefits o Projects with highest ratio of benefits to costs will be implemented  Duty Ethics o Immanuel Kant o Moral duties are fundamental  Rich Ethics o John Locke o People have fundamental rights that other people have a duty to respect  Virtue Ethics o Determining what kind of people we should be o Moral distinction and goodness o Responsibility, honesty, competence, and loyalty LabVIEW – a dataflow programming language  VI: Virtual instrument  Front panel: displays the controls (controls palette only here)  Block Diagram: holds the programming elements (Functions Palette only here)  Modern: Set provides controls with a more updated appearance  Function: a program element that does not have a front panel or block diagram but does have a connector plane  Express VI – a more sophisticated VI that can be configured using a dialog box  Automatic Tool Selection Button: a toggle button with a green LED display that indicates when automatic tool selection is activated  Operate Value Tool – used to push buttons  Edit Text Tool – used to enter text  Connect wire tool – used to connect wires between block outputs and inputs  Object shortcut Menu Tool – opens a pop-up menu of options for controls and programming blocks  Scroll Window Tool – used to drag a window  Set / Clear Breakpoint Tool – Breakpoints are used when debugging programs to freeze execution so you can see what is happening within the program  Probe Data Tool – Probes can be placed on wires to show the value in a wire when the program is run  Snippet – a piece of program code that you want to reuse  Sub VI – VI that will be used within another VI  Data types o DBL (orange) – Double precision real values o TF (Green) – True / False or Boolean o 32-bit signed integer numeric (Blue) – Default data type for integer numeric values o [DBL] Matrix of double-precision numbers – brackets indicate array or matrix. Color indicates type of matrix elements o String (Magenta) o Path (Gray) - holds a file path

resistance generates a varying voltage that can be related to the temperature of the RTD sensor  Signal Conditioning : May be required to adjust the signal type and rage of the output signal to align with the requirements of the data acquisition system o Reasons  Noisy signals  Aligning a sensor output to a data acquisition system input constraint  Analog signal: signal from a sensor, signal level can vary continuously  Digital Signal: can take only finite values MechatronicsMechanical construction, electrical/electronic circuits, and digital circuits from computer engineeringTorque: is the product of the force and the distance from the point application of the force and the center of rotation o τ 1 = F x r 1 o torque = Force x Radius o τ 1 / τ 2 = r 1 / r 2  Gears: Used to convert the high speed low torque motor to high torque low speed at the wheel  Velocity = Angular speed x Radius o ω 1 /ω2 = r1/r 2  The point of contact between two gears with the same linear velocity downwards  τ 2 / τ 1 = ω 1 /ω2 = r2 / r 1  Sensors o SwitchesClosed circuit: motor on, Switch on = logic “1”  Open circuit: motor off, Switch off = logic “0” o And Logic  All Switches in the series must be on for power to reach the motor o Or Logic  All Switches on one of the two possible paths for electricity must be on for power to reach the motor 