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Turner syndrome A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Tay-Sachs Disease A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Down syndrome A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 Diabetes Insipidus Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect. The serum sodium is often elevated due to excess free water losses. In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't properly concentrate urine. Cardiac Valve Disease Process In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve. This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart. Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s). Cardiac Valve Complications Heart valve disease can cause many complications, including:
- Heart failure.
- Stroke.
- Blood clots.
- Heart rhythm abnormalities.
- Death. Respiratory Illness from bats Viral hemorrhagic fevers are spread by contact with infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a variety of animal and insect hosts.
Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person. Anemia Different types of anemia include: Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency Anemia due to iron deficiency Anemia of chronic disease Hemolytic anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia Sickle cell anemia Thalassemia Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation The kidneys have two main ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine. By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH. Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney Prostate cancer Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged and older. Artery response during blood loss. Does cell shrink or swell? Vasoconstriction Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN gene Spina Bifida Not having enough folic acid during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida. Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae) that act as cushions at the joints. Sprains and Strains A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled away from the bone. Endometriosis
With acute pancreatitis, there is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation. With chronic pancreatitis, the gland undergoes repeated episodes of inflammation and gradual deterioration. Acute pancreatitis can be caused by #Gallstones #Excessive alcohol consumption #High blood triglycerides #Abdominal injury, #Certain medications and toxins. Peritonsillar abscess A complication of tonsillitis in which the infection spreads behind the tonsils. A peritonsillar abscess occurs when a collection of pus forms and infection spreads beyond the tonsils into the neck and chest. Swollen tissues can block the airway. Symptoms include fever, difficulty swallowing, and severe throat pain. Antibiotics can treat an early infection. Sometimes a collection of pus needs to be drained by a procedure called incision and drainage. Ulcers The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer. Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper small intestine. The most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer is a pain in the mid to upper stomach region, especially if this pain intensifies when the stomach is empty or if the pain wakes you up in the middle of the night. Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside of the esophagus. These ulcers can typically be treated with changes to lifestyle and diet, coupled with certain medications and other treatments. Cranial nerves *I Olfactory -Sensory- Smell *II Optic - Sensory - Vision *III Oculomotor - Motor - Extraocular movements (EOMs) and pupil response *IV Trochlear - Motor - EOMs *V Trigeminal - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial sensation, Masseter muscle control of chewing *VI Abducens - Motor - EOMs *VII Facial - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial expressions and taste over anterior two- thirds of tongue *VIII Auditory or Vestibulocochlear -Sensory- Hearing and equilibrium *IX Glossopharyngeal - Mixed (motor and sensory) -Elevation of pharynx in swallowing, taste over posterior one-third of tongue, and salivation
*X Vagus - Mixed (motor and sensory) - Gag reflex and parasympathetic control of body
- XI Accessory - Motor - Turn the head and shrug *XII Hypoglossal - Motor - Tongue movement Multi factorial diseases The majority of diseases are the result of multifactorial genetic influences. Diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and most cancers are caused by a combination of genetics and environment or a combination of several defective genes working, or not working, together. In these diseases, an individual inherits one or more gene defects that predispose them to a disorder, and then environmental or behavioral triggers such as diet, exposure to toxins, or sedentary lifestyle contribute to disease development. For example, multifactorial inheritance factors are involved in the development of type 1 and type 2 DM: Fluid and Electrolytes Imbalances of the body's biological, and chemical constituents, such as electrolytes, can cause cell injury. For example, high sodium levels in the bloodstream, termed hypernatremia , cause intracellular fluid depletion (cellular dehydration) and reversible cell shrinkage. The symptoms associated with this include #Lethargy #Weakness #Irritability #Confusion Fractures Osteoporosis results in a loss of bone mass. A change in bone mineralization is characteristic of osteomalacia and rickets rather than osteoporosis. The decrease in bone density makes bones more fragile and susceptible to fracture. Ida's osteoclasts are breaking down more bone than osteoblasts are rebuilding. This results in bone loss. Turner Syndrome - characteristics Patients with suspected Turner syndrome require genetic testing and hormone level evaluation. Echocardiogram, bone density, and bone age testing are necessary. Treatment involves estrogen therapy and growth hormone administration. The patient should be treated symptomatically for all other effects of the disease. #Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile) #Short stature (~ 4'7") #Webbing of the neck
As a consequence, mitral regurgitation often causes backup of blood and hydrostatic pressure into the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries, causing pulmonary edema. Mitral stenosis In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis is the narrowing of the mitral valve, which controls blood flow from the heart's left atrium to the left ventricle. The left ventricle is your heart's main pumping chamber. In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle.The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an infection called rheumatic fever, which is related to strep infections. Blood thinners (anticoagulants) to help prevent blood clots. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digitalis glycosides to slow your heart rate and allow your heart to fill more effectively. Anti-arrhythmics to treat atrial fibrillation or other irregular heart rhythms associated with mitral valve stenosis. Aortic regurgitation Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. As a result, some of the blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle) leaks backward. Aortic stenosis Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening. Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also affect the pressure in the left atrium. Which type of valve defect leads to a diastolic murmur? Diastolic murmurs are due to a narrowing (stenosis) of the mitral or tricuspid valves, or regurgitation of the aortic or pulmonary valves. Which type of valve defect leads to a systolic murmur? Systolic regurgitant murmurs include the many variations of mitral valve regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation, and ventricular septal defect. Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkins Lymphoma #Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, #Armpits, or groin. #Persistent fatigue. #Fever. #Night sweats. #Losing weight without trying. #Severe itching. #Pain in lymph nodes after drinking alcohol. Electrolyte imbalance causing palpitations, diarrhea, muscle weakness Low Potassium (Hypokalemia) T4 cell - disease related to destruction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
Being able to identify degree of burn, and add other s/s to that degree burn First-degree burns affect only the outer layer of the skin. They cause pain, redness, and swelling. Second-degree burns affect both the outer and underlying layer of skin. They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Third-degree burns affect the deep layers of skin. Herbeden and Bouchard Nodes Osteoarthritis. Identify Upper vs Lower Respiratory infections Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). These infections affect the nose, throat, and sinuses. Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). These infections occur in the airways and the lungs. Upper respiratory tract infections.
Common cold.
Epiglottitis.
Laryngitis.
Pharyngitis (sore throat).
Sinusitis (sinus infection).
Lower respiratory tract infections
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Bronchiolitis
Tuberculosis
MRSA Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is caused by a type of staph bacteria that's become resistant to many of the antibiotics used to treat ordinary staph infections. Bell's Palsy Doctors believe that the most likely cause of Bell's palsy in pregnant women is the Herpes virus. #Cold sores and genital herpes (herpes simplex) #Chickenpox and shingles (herpes zoster) #Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr) #Cytomegalovirus infections #Respiratory illnesses (adenovirus) #German measles (rubella) #Mumps (mumps virus) #Flu (influenza B) #Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (coxsackievirus) Chemical related to a chronic condition that causes endothelial cell injury.
#Alcoholic liver disease #Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease -NAFLD. Cystitis (UTI) Lower urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common urological disorder. Approximately 6 million visits to primary care clinicians each year are for UTI. Lower UTI, also referred to as cystitis. A bladder infection may cause
Pelvic pain
Increased urge to urinate,
Pain with urination
Blood in the urine.
A kidney infection may cause
Back pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Fever.
ESRD symptoms These include
Fatigue
Drowsiness
Decrease in urination or inability to urinate,
Dry skin, itchy skin,
Headache
Weight loss
Nausea
Bone pain
Skin and nail changes
Easy bruising.
Doctors can diagnose the disease with
Blood tests
Urine tests
Kidney ultrasound
kidney biopsy
CT scan.
Different types of dialysis #Hemodialysis #Peritoneal dialysis #Continuous renal replacement therapy Diabetes insipidus ,understand relationship with hydration and sodium Diabetes insipidus can cause an imbalance in minerals in your blood, such as sodium and potassium (electrolytes), that maintains the fluid balance in your body.
Specific blood and urine tests can point to a diagnosis of diabetes insipidus, such as
A high sodium level (hypernatraemia)
High concentration of the blood (serum or plasma osmolality) ,
Low urine concentration (urine osmolality).
Goiter / iodine relationship Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of goiter. The body needs iodine to produce thyroid hormone. Insufficient iodine in the diet causes the thyroid gets larger to try and capture all the iodine it can, so it can make the right amount of thyroid hormone. Cryoblation use. A procedure in which an extremely cold liquid or an instrument called a cryoprobe is used to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue. Cryoablation is sometimes used as a primary treatment for:
Bone cancer.
Cervical cancer.
Eye cancer.
HE4 biomarker Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is a protein that is produced by most, but not all, epithelial ovarian cancer cells. This makes the test useful as a tumor marker in specific circumstances. The HE4 test measures the amount of human epididymis protein 4 in the blood. Ischemic vs Hemorrhagic Stroke · Acute elevations in BP can cause the rupture of cerebral blood vessels or hemorrhagic stroke. · Although hemorrhagic stroke accounts for about 10% of all strokes , the mortality is very high. · Also, because HTN accelerates the formation of atherosclerosis, there is an increased risk of plaque formation in the cerebral arteries, which leads to thrombotic or embolic obstruction within the brain. This can be manifested by a TIA or ischemic stroke. · Antiplatelet agents, heparin, and warfarin can be used to prevent ischemic stroke. · Atrial Fibrillation can cause thrombus formation and embolism to the brain. It is a frequent cause of ischemic stroke. · Ischemic stroke occurs in up to 40% of patients. · An ischemic stroke is caused by a thrombus or embolus that lodges in a cerebral artery and blocks blood flow to the brain tissue. Ischemia of brain tissue leads to cerebral infarction, which is the death of brain cells. · A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by rupture and hemorrhage of a cerebral artery, leading to compression and toxicity of brain cells and loss of cerebral blood flow. Approximately 85% of strokes are due to ischemia, whereas 15% are hemorrhagic strokes (see Fig. 33-7).
Sprain A sprain is an overstretching of a ligament with a possible tear. A sprain occurs in response to a quick twist or pull of the muscle. It can be caused by a force that displaces a joint from its normal alignment. Sprains most commonly occur around joints. The most common location for a sprain is in the ankle. Strain A strain is an overstretching of tendons and muscle. Strains often occur in the lower back and in the hamstring muscle and result from overuse of muscles, improper use of the muscles, or as the result of injury in another part of the body when the body compensates for pain by altering the way it moves. Pain, weakness, limited range of motion, and muscle spasms are common symptoms experienced after a strain occurs. Bursitis Bursa are fluid-filled, saclike structures between skin and bone or between tendons, ligaments, and bone. They act as cushions to lubricate and decrease friction between bone, ligaments, and tendons. Bursitis occurs when the synovial lining produces excessive fluid, leading to localized swelling and pain. Bursitis can also be caused by autoimmune disorders, gout or pseudogout, infection, traumatic events, and hemorrhagic disorders. Systemic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, pancreatitis, Whipple disease, oxalosis, uremia, hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome have also been associated with bursitis. Marfan's Syndromes genetic trait type Marfan syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, meaning that only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene inherited from one parent is sufficient to have the condition. Defects or deletions (pathogenic variants) of the fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene have been shown to cause Marfan syndrome. Is Mono upper or lower airway Upper respiratory tract infection Testicular torsion In childhood, torsion of the testes is a common disorder. Testicular torsion is seen most frequently in the 12- to 18-year-old age group, but it can occur at any age, including newborns. Testicular torsion, the twisting of the testis or spermatic cord, places the testis at risk of vascular compromise and is a surgical emergency. Testicular torsion is predominantly unilateral (98% of torsion cases) and primarily affects neonates and adolescents in a bimodal distribution.
Neuro condition causing flat emotions, sleep disturbances #Alzheimer's #Schizophrenia #Parkinson's disease UTI, blood in urine - any bladder cancer correlation Unfortunately, the most common symptom of bladder cancer—blood in the urine—is also a common symptom of a UTI. Other UTI symptoms include irritation or pain when urinating or a frequent and urgent need to urinate and can also be symptoms of bladder cancer. Spinabifida Not having enough folic acid during pregnancy is one of the most important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida. Riluzole (Rilutek) used for what Riluzole is used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; Lou Gehrig's disease). Riluzole is in a class of medications called benzothiazoles. It works by changing the activity of certain natural substances in the body that affect nerves and muscles. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — also called prostate gland enlargement Transurethral ultrasound Why are some infections harder on children while other infections are harder on the elderly? Older adult patients do not have as many naïve T cells compared to younger patients. What are some of the consequences of alcohol exposure in pregnancy? Exposure to alcohol during development decreases brain volume. Drinking alcohol of any kind during pregnancy can cause premature labor, miscarriage, stillbirth, and a range of developmental, physical, mental, and emotional disabilities and disorders in the baby, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Cushing's syndrome moonfaced Signs of dehydration Extreme thirst Oliguria Headache Dark-colored urine Sluggishness and fatigue Bad breath Dry mouth Sugar cravings Dizziness, weakness, light-headedness Confusion Chrons disease A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that affects the lining of the digestive tract.
