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WGU Pathophysiology D236 Midterm Exam with Well Updated Questions and Verified Answers, Exams of Nursing

Johns Hopkins University (JHU)Nursing

WGU Pathophysiology D236 Midterm Exam with Well Updated Questions and Verified Answers Latest 2026 Update

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WGU Pathophysiology D236 Midterm
Exam with Well Updated Questions and
Verified Answers Latest 2026 Update
1. Describe how your body responds to an infection. -
correct answer-=T cells produce cytokines, which
stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
2. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital
abnormalities. - correct answer-=Mutations in genes
or chromosomal abnormalities
3. How does development disrupts congenital
abnormalities? - correct answer-=Alterations of DNA
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Download WGU Pathophysiology D236 Midterm Exam with Well Updated Questions and Verified Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

WGU Pathophysiology D236 Midterm

Exam with Well Updated Questions and

Verified Answers Latest 2026 Update

  1. Describe how your body responds to an infection. - correct answer-=T cells produce cytokines, which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies.
  2. Identify role of DNA changes in congenital abnormalities. - correct answer-=Mutations in genes or chromosomal abnormalities
  3. How does development disrupts congenital abnormalities? - correct answer-=Alterations of DNA
  1. Describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect wellbeing. - correct answer-=(ex) Fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias.
  2. Explain RAAS - correct answer-=Renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
  3. Reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
    • produce angiotensin I > converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II > vasoconstriction > release aldosterone > kidneys conserve sodium and water > Result less water lost in urine and blood pressure maintained.
  4. DKA - correct answer-=increased anion gap, decreased HCO
  5. How do kidneys compensate for alkalosis - correct answer-=retain H and excrete HCO
  1. Trousseau's sign - correct answer-=arm/carpal spasm associated with hypocalcemia
  2. Cause and sign of spina bifida - correct answer- =results from failure of neural tube to close. sign - fluid filled sac on lower back.
  3. hemophilia is more common in - correct answer- =males
  4. Prenatal exposure to alcohol includes - correct answer-=ND-PAE, decreased brain function, FAS
  5. Connective vs muscle tissue disorders - correct answer-=Connective- RA, Scleroderma, Lupus Muscle - MS, Muscular dystrophy, Myasthenia Gravia
  1. Describe Lupus - correct answer-=Inflammatory disorder characterized by joint pain and butterfly rash
  2. Describe Myasthenia Gravis - correct answer-=It is an autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack own Ach receptors. This causes weakness of skeletal muscles over the course of the day, along with ptosis, double vision, and difficulty swallowing.
  3. dermatitis - correct answer-=inflammation of the skin
  4. eczema - correct answer-=noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching
  5. decubitus ulcer - correct answer-=sore caused by lying down for long periods of time
  1. osteomalacia - correct answer-=disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
  2. myoglobin - correct answer-=red pigment that stores oxygen in muscle cells
  3. Bursa - correct answer-=fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
  4. Rickets - correct answer-=a vitamin D deficiency in children, resulting in soft bones
  5. Degenerative disk disease - correct answer-=A condition in which an intervertebral disk loses its normal structural integrity as a result of wear and tear, acute or repeated injuries or aging
  1. Paget disease - correct answer-=Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull
  2. communiuted fracture - correct answer- =splintered into many pieces
  3. Three types of skin cancer - correct answer-=1. Basal cell carcinoma
  4. Squamous cell carcinoma
  5. Melanoma
  6. basal cell carcinoma - correct answer-=Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often characterized by light or pearly nodules. Rarely metastasize, most common on face due to sun exposure
  1. ischemic CVA vs hemorrhagic CVA - correct answer-=ischemic - clot vs hemorrhagic - blood
  2. subdural hematoma - correct answer-=collection of blood under the dura mater
  3. Alzheimer's disease vs parkinson's disease - correct answer-=Alz - affects language and memory
  4. Park - affects all executive functioning
  5. Huntington's disease - correct answer-=Genetic disorder that causes progressive deterioration of brain cells. caused by a dominant allele. symptoms do not appear until about the age of 30. involves involuntary muscle movement
  6. Sclerosis - correct answer-=abnormal condition of hardening
  1. disorders that cause vision loss - correct answer- =glaucoma - loss of pheripheral vision, cataracts - cloudy vision, retinal detachment - floaters, flashes, curtain vision
  2. kyphosis - correct answer-=excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back.
  3. disorders that cause hearing loss - correct answer-=Meniere's disease - changes in fluid in tube of inner ear (imbalance and vertigo), Otitis media - middle ear infection
  4. Predisposing factors of ischemic stroke - correct answer-=a fib, carotid stenosis, cerebral arteriosclerosis
  5. rheumatoid arthritis - correct answer-=A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of

weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

  1. aneurysm - correct answer-=ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
  2. thrombus vs embolus - correct answer- =Thrombus = clot in arteries
  3. embolus = dislodged traveling clot in arteries, blocks blood flow
  4. Artherosclerosis - correct answer-=Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to buildup of cholesterol plaques
  5. 1.endothelial injury
  6. 2.foam cell formation
  7. 3.fatty streak formation
  1. angina pectoris - correct answer-=chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
  2. myocardial infarction - correct answer-=the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
  3. endocaritis - correct answer-=inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
  4. peridcarditis - correct answer-=inflammation of the pericardium (sack surrounding heart)
  5. benign vs malignant hypertension - correct answer-=benign - "essential hypertension", chronic vascular damage due to sodium retention.
  6. malignant - acute vascular damage due to renin release
  1. types of anemia - correct answer-=- Aplastic (decreased or missing RBC production)
    • Iron Deficiency
    • Folic Acid Deficiency
    • Vitamin B12 Deficiency/Pernicious
    • Hemolytic (breakdown of RBCs faster than produced)
    • Sickle Cell (RBCs die too early, shortage of RBCs)
  2. Where does cancer originate from in leukemia? - correct answer-=bone marrow
  3. CD4 cells - correct answer-=Helper T cells that mature in thymus that active B cells to create immunity
  4. Hodgkin's lymphoma - correct answer- =distinguished from other lymphomas by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes known as Reed-Sternberg cells
  1. Lymphocytosis - correct answer-=abnormal increase in lymphocytes, asymptomatic
  2. Stable angina - correct answer-=predictable and consistent pain that occurs on exertion and is relieved by rest and/or nitroglycerin
  3. Upper respiratory tract infection - correct answer-=common cold, laryngitis, croup, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, and tonsillitis
  4. lower respiratory tract infection - correct answer- =pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis
  5. conditions that lead to COPD - correct answer- =smoking, asthma, dust, chemicals, genetics
  1. common characteristics of chronic digestive system disorders - correct answer-=(Celiac, Chron's, Colitis...) Abdominal pain, weight loss, changes in urination/bowel movements, bleeding, diarrhea, n/v....
  2. common characteristics of acute digestive system disorders - correct answer-=(GERD, IBS, Hiatal hernia...) Abd pain, bleeding, bloating, diarrhea, heartburn, n/v
  3. pyelonephritis - correct answer-=Inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney; caused by bacterial infection (commonly E. Coli)
  4. glomerulonephritis - correct answer- =inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys from injury or illness
  5. renal calculi (kidney stones) - correct answer-=- Minerals in urine crystallize
    • Most can pass, but some become too big and obstruct a ureter
  2. renal cell carcinoma - correct answer-=cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells; flank pain, hematuria, abd lump
  3. end-stage renal disease (ESRD) - correct answer- =any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival. Symptoms: n/v, fatigue, change in urination, chest pain, HTN, AMS
  4. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT)
- correct answer-=method used to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient's blood through a hemofilter and returning it to the patient. benefit over other dialysis - happens 24 hrs/ day > slower shift in electrolytes