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Ghengis Khan
-came to power by uniting many of the nomadic tribes of
northeast Asia. (Mongols) -By 1209 conquered northern
China -Organized army into decimal system (vs. Iran) -They
moved fast/had .5 million horses -Created law code so the
mongols had a writing system & language -By the time dead,
conquered more than China
TERM 2
Johannes Gutenberg
DEFINITION 2
-German goldsmith & printer, credited with being the first to
use movable type printing -1439, the global inventor of the
mechanical printing press. -Major work = the Gutenberg
Bible (42-line Bible) -acclaimed for its high aesthetic and
technical quality.
TERM 3
William the Conqueror
DEFINITION 3
-Victory over King Harold II of England in 1066 at Hastings -
Ended the Anglo-Saxon era & established Norman rule in
England.
TERM 4
Bayeaux Tapestry
DEFINITION 4
-Long embroidered cloth/not an actual tapestry -Depicts the
events leading up to the Norman conquest of England a& the
events of the invasion itself. -Annotated in the Latin
language.
TERM 5
Latin
Christendom
DEFINITION 5 -Established new way of life for Europeans(early middle ages) - Developed in Europe after fall of Roman Empire, when the Romans rule of conquered territories in Europe turned bad. -Held onto a blend of religion, law, & cultural influences of the Roman, Byzantine, Greek, & Islamic civilizations. -Memory of Rome was kept alive byLatin of western Christian priests. -Found it difficult to blend Christian, Greco-Roman, & Germanic traditions. -The church became central theme of a Christian's daily life.
Boniface VIII
-Best remembered for his feuds with Dante, who placed him
in a circle of Hell in his Commedia. -Published his 88 legal
dicta known as the "Regulae Iuris" in 1298. Material well
known & understood by canon lawyers or canonists today to
interpret & analyze the canons and other forms of
ecclesiastical law properly.
TERM 7
The
Medici
DEFINITION 7 -First princely dynasty to win their status not by warfare, marriage or inheritance but through commerce. -Came to Florence in the 12th century from the nearby countryside. -Ancestral home = Mugello valley. -Became one of the richest men in the city of Florence. -Although never held any political charge, gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a proportional taxing system TERM 8
Marco Polo
DEFINITION 8
-Merchant from the Venetian Republic who wrote Il Milione -
Introduced Europeans to Central Asia and China. -Pioneering
journey inspired Columbus and other. -His book meant that
their journey was the first to be widely known. (Other's had
made the trip but not recorded it)
TERM 9
Martin Luther
DEFINITION 9 -Initiated Protestant Reformation. -Priest/Theology professor, confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his The Ninety- Five Theses in 1517. -Strongly disputed claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. -Refused to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X & the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V @ the Edict of Worms meeting= condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor. -Translated Bible into the language (instead of Latin) making it more accessible & impa TERM 10
Hundred Years' War
DEFINITION 10 -Prolonged conflict lasting from 1337-1453 between 2 royal houses for French throne(which was vacant) -The two primary contenders were the House of Valois & the House of Plantagenet (House of Anjou) -Gave ideas of both French and English nationalism. - Militarily, saw the introduction of new weapons and tactics, which eroded the older system of feudal armies dominated by heavy cavalry. -Changed the role of the peasantry. -Most significant conflicts in the history of medieval warfare. -Reduced the populat
Utopia
-Name for an ideal community or society. -Both intentional communities that attempted to create an ideal society, & fictional societies portrayed in literature. -Based on religious ideals, and are to date those most commonly found in human society. -Their members are usually required to follow and believe in the particular religious tradition that established them TERM 17
Council of Trent
DEFINITION 17
-Determined the Catholics did not stand alone before God. -
Drew strength from the body of practices that the faithful had
accumulated over the course of a millennium. -The Catholic
Church had new strength and confidence.
TERM 18
Chivalry
DEFINITION 18
-Term related to the medieval institution of knighthood. -It is
usually associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honor and
courtly love. -One who rides a horse
TERM 19
Investiture Controversy
DEFINITION 19 -Conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. -In the 11th & 12th centuries, series of popes challenged the authority of European monarchies over control of the appointments of church officials such as bishops & abbots. -By undercutting the Imperial power established by Salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in Germany. TERM 20
Anti-Semitism
DEFINITION 20 -Prejudice against/hostility towards Jews, often rooted in hatred of their ethnic background, culture, or religion. -The term's etymology suggest it is directed against Semitic people (since has been used to refer exclusively toward Jews) -Extreme instances of persecution include the First Crusade of 1096, the expulsion from England in 1290, the Spanish Inquisition, the expulsion from Spain in 1492, the expulsion from Portugal in 1497, etc
Ignatius of Loyola
-Spanish knight, who became a hermit & priest -Founded the
Society of Jesus &become first Superior General -Major
figures in the Counter-Reformation, Catholic Church -Worked
to reform itself from within & countered the theology of
Protestantism.
TERM 22
Great
Schism
DEFINITION 22
-Divided medieval Christianity into Eastern (Greek) &
Western (Latin) branches, later became known as the
Eastern Orthodox Church & the Roman Catholic Church.
TERM 23
Thomas Aquinas
DEFINITION 23 -Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church in the Dominican Order -Influential philosopher & theologian in scholasticism. -Was the foremost classical proponent of natural theology, & the father of the Thomistic school of philosophy & theology. -His influence on Western & modern philosophy was conceived as a reaction against, or as an agreement with, his ideas, particularly in the areas of ethics, natural law & political theory. TERM 24
Venice
DEFINITION 24
-Assumed a leading role in the southern Mediterranean
trade. -Merchants sent grain, wine, & timber to
Constantinople in exchange for silk cloth & other luxury
goods. -In 1454 became largest & most powerful -Took part
in preserving the republican form of government during most
of the Renaissance.
TERM 25
Medieval Philosophy
DEFINITION 25 -Philosophy of Europe&Middle East after fall Roman Empire -The period in the Latin west after the Early Middle Ages-12th century, when works of Aristotle & Plato were preserved -The Islamic period from the 7th-12th century, consisting of translating ancient philosophers, commenting, clarifying, interpreting & developing their work; -The 'golden age' of the 12th, 13th & 14th centuries in Latin West, which witnessed culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, & significant developments in field of Phi
Charles V of the Spanish-Habsburg Empire
-Son of Philip I of Castile & grandson of Ferdinand V and Isabella I & of Emperor Maximilian I -He succeeded to his grandfathers' kingdoms on their deaths in 1516 & 1519 -Important events of his reign include the Diet of Worms & the beginning of the Reformation; -His defeat of Francis I assured Spanish supremacy in Italy -Wars against Turkey under Sleyman I; the formation of the Schmalkaldic League; the Council of Trent; and the Peace of Augsburg. TERM 32
Feudalism
DEFINITION 32
-Decentralized sociopolitical structure in which a weak
monarchy attempts to control the lands of realm through
reciprocal agreements with regional leaders. -Medieval
European political system composed of set of reciprocal legal
& military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving
around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.
TERM 33
Dante
DEFINITION 33
-Italian poet of the Middle Ages. -"Father of the Italian
language". -The Divine Comedy -"a soul's journey through
despair to salvation" incorporates aquinas's theology &
aristotle's science, & the whole work has the complexity of a
Gothic cathedral or a Summa Theologian.
TERM 34
Burgundy
DEFINITION 34 -A region in modern-day France & Switzerland. -One of the Germanic peoples who filled the power vacuum left by the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire. -In A.D. 411, they crossed the Rhine & established a kingdom at Worms. -Amidst repeated clashes between Romans & Huns, the kingdom eventually occupied (today)borderlands between Switzerland, France, & Italy. -In 534, the Franks defeated Godomar, the last Burgundian king, & absorbed the territory in their growing empire. TERM 35
The Black Death
DEFINITION 35 -One of the deadliest pandemics in human history -Widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague. -Usually thought to have started in Central Asia, it reached the Crimea and from there, from black rats on merchant ships, spread throughout Mediterranean & Europe. -Estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, -Reducing the world's population from an 450 mil to 350-375 mil in 1400.
Charlemagne
-King of the Franks (768) expanded Frankish kingdom into Empire, incorporated Western & Central Europe. -During reign, conquered Italy & crowned Imperator Augustus by Leo, made him rival of the Byzantine Emperor in Constan. -Associated with the Carolingian Renaissance, a revival of art, religion, & culture through the medium of the Catholic Church. -Founding father of both French & German monarchies, father of Europe: empire united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Romans TERM 37
Peasant's Revolt
DEFINITION 37 -Number of popular revolts in late medieval Europe & major event in history of England. -Most extreme & widespread insurrection in English history but also the best-documented popular rebellion ever to occur during medieval times. -Marked beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England though the revolt itself was a marked failure. -Led to calls for the reform of feudalism in England & an increase in rights for the serf class. TERM 38
Ninety-Five Theses
DEFINITION 38 -By Martin Luther in 1517 & are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. -Luther used these to display his displeasure with some of the Roman Catholic clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; -Ultimately gave birth to Protestantism. -Luther's popularity encouraged others to share their doubts about Catholicism. TERM 39
Machiavelli
DEFINITION 39 -Italian philosopher/writer, & is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. -A diplomat, political philosopher, musician, & playwright, mainly a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. -Is considered a typical example of the Renaissance Man. -Most famous for a short political treatise, "The Prince", written in 1513, but not published until 1532, five years after his death. TERM 40
Printing Press
DEFINITION 40 -Mechanical device for applying pressure to inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image. -Mechanical systems involved were first assembled in Germany by Gutenberg around 1440, based on existing screw- presses used to press cloth, grapes, etc. -Gutenberg was first in Western Europe to develop this. -Replaced most versions of block printing, making it the most used format of modern movable type, until being superseded by the advent of offset printing.
The Spiritual Exercises
-Brief set of meditations, prayers & mental exercises -Divided
in four thematic 'weeks' of variable length -Designed to be
carried out over a period of 28-30 days
TERM 47
Spanish Inquistion
DEFINITION 47
-Ecclesiastical tribunal started in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs
Ferdinand II & Isabella I. -Was intended to maintain Catholic
orthodoxy in their kingdoms, & to replace the medieval
inquisition which was under papal control. -Notorious in the
16th century for its severities.
TERM 48
Vassals
DEFINITION 48
-Terminology that preceded & accompanied the feudalism of
medieval Europe -Is one who enters into mutual obligations
with a monarch, usually of military support & mutual
protection, in exchange for certain guarantees (which came
to include the terrain held as a fief.)
