Comparing Recipes and Adverts: Analyzing Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion - Prof. Calvo | Ejercicios de Lingüística

Exercises on Discourse Analysis

Exercise 1. These are two different recipes to make a similar filling for tarts. The

first one is from a contemporary webpage whereas the second one is from a 19th

century cookery book. You have to explain why these texts can be understood as

recipes by looking at the lexical and grammatical cohesion devices. Also, you have

to compare them so as to explain how they have changed, if they have done so, in

DA terms.

Recipe 1

https://waitrose.pressarea.com/recipe/details/78/Course_1/1748

Seville Orange tart (filling)

Prepare: 20 minutes + chilling

Serves: 8

Ingredients

180ml double cream

180g condensed milk

2 Marmalade Oranges, very finely grated zest of 11/2, pared zest strands of 1⁄2, plus

100ml juice (top up with regular orange juice if needed)

3 tbsp lime juice (from 1-2 limes)

Method

Put the double cream and condensed milk in a large mixing bowl. Add the very finely

grated zest, all the orange juice and all the lime juice. Use a hand whisk to whisk the

mixture together for 2 minutes until slightly thick.

Pour the mixture into the pastry case, then scatter with the remaining pared zest. Cover

and chill for at least 3 hours before serving, until the filling has set. Use any extra cream

to drizzle over, if liked.

- it has lexical cohesion (words belonging to the same semantic field of cooking

- also we find grammatical cohesion, we find the expected order

First paragraph:

In the method, we have imperatives and these sentences are expected to be in this type of text, the recipe.

Regarding linkers and conjunctions: we find the conjuncton "and" that is joining ingredients that go together. However, we do not find linkers like

"after this" or "then" that are related to the following of steps; this method goes straight to the point.

Regarding ellipsis or substitution:

-Substitution: "the mixture" is related to all the ingredients that have been mentioned before

We also find a repetation: "use a hand whisk to whisk", the first whisk is a noun and the second one is a verb that means mix, they could have

said "use a hand whisk to mixt"; however, they have used "whisk".

Second paragraph:

Ellipsis: "if liked" it is not mentioned who. Here they are using the ellipsis because the sentence is impersonal.

- Repetition and substitution: "pour the mixture", is the same mixture than in the first paragraph and at the same time they are repeating the word.

- Ellipsis: "cover and chill" are transitive.

Linkers: "and" joining ingredients in the expected order, fo instance "cover and chill". We also find "then", the only one that we have that indicates

order.

the verbs of both paragraphs correspond to the same semantic field.

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Exercises on Discourse Analysis Exercise 1. These are two different recipes to make a similar filling for tarts. The first one is from a contemporary webpage whereas the second one is from a 19th century cookery book. You have to explain why these texts can be understood as recipes by looking at the lexical and grammatical cohesion devices. Also, you have to compare them so as to explain how they have changed, if they have done so, in DA terms. Recipe 1 https://waitrose.pressarea.com/recipe/details/78/Course_1/ Seville Orange tart (filling) Prepare: 20 minutes + chilling Serves: 8 Ingredients 180ml double cream 180g condensed milk 2 Marmalade Oranges, very finely grated zest of 11/2, pared zest strands of 1⁄2, plus 100ml juice (top up with regular orange juice if needed) 3 tbsp lime juice (from 1-2 limes) Method Put the double cream and condensed milk in a large mixing bowl. Add the very finely grated zest, all the orange juice and all the lime juice. Use a hand whisk to whisk the mixture together for 2 minutes until slightly thick. Pour the mixture into the pastry case, then scatter with the remaining pared zest. Cover and chill for at least 3 hours before serving, until the filling has set. Use any extra cream to drizzle over, if liked.

it has lexical cohesion (words belonging to the same semantic field of cooking
also we find grammatical cohesion, we find the expected order First paragraph: In the method, we have imperatives and these sentences are expected to be in this type of text, the recipe. Regarding linkers and conjunctions: we find the conjuncton "and" that is joining ingredients that go together. However, we do not find linkers like "after this" or "then" that are related to the following of steps; this method goes straight to the point. Regarding ellipsis or substitution: -Substitution: "the mixture" is related to all the ingredients that have been mentioned before We also find a repetation: "use a hand whisk to whisk", the first whisk is a noun and the second one is a verb that means mix, they could have said "use a hand whisk to mixt"; however, they have used "whisk". Second paragraph: Ellipsis: "if liked" it is not mentioned who. Here they are using the ellipsis because the sentence is impersonal.
Repetition and substitution: "pour the mixture", is the same mixture than in the first paragraph and at the same time they are repeating the word.
Ellipsis: "cover and chill" are transitive. Linkers: "and" joining ingredients in the expected order, fo instance "cover and chill". We also find "then", the only one that we have that indicates order. the verbs of both paragraphs correspond to the same semantic field.

Recipe 2 Farley, J. (1800). The London Art of Cookery. John Barker Exercise 2. These are two different adverts selling face masks. The first one is from a contemporary webpage whereas the second one is from a 20th^ century newspaper. There is a third advert which is a bit different but on a related topic. You have to explain why these texts can be understood as adverts by looking at the lexical and grammatical cohesion devices, as well as the pictures in the case of the contemporary multimodal text. Also, you have to compare them so as to explain how they have changed, if they have done so, in DA terms. Here we don't have cooking time or the ingredients. However, if we go to the method (line 6 more or less), we find similarities:

sentences built with imperatives, the conjunction "and", and other linkers that maybe we missed in the first text indicating the steps "then". We also have more linkers "but", for instance. So, here we have more order. Regarding anaphoras and cataphores, ellipsis and substitutions:
- here we find more anaphoras: the use of "it", "them", "their", for instance "let it", "boil it", take their...".
- Ellipsis: we don't find much ellipsis as we find inn the previous one.
- Repetition: "tarts" are repeated and "organges" also.
- Semantical field: "boil", "bake", we have also objects connected with cooking and adjectives. We have also parts of oranges. The last sentence is not an imperative, but more subjective as it is used some elements that are more subjective the "if liked" in the previous recipe. Advert 1: Lexical cohesion:
Repetition: of "masks", "wear", "influenza"
Semantic field: "influential", "medical profession", "wear", "inhale", "chemist", "sick" and even "protect" in connection to medicine. Grammatical cohesion:
Conjunction: "and" joining different sentences or countries such as "Australia and New Zeland".
"It is strongly recommended", "it does not interfere" -> anaphora
"should be worn", "may be obtained"-> ellipsis. Verbs:
"be obtained", "be worn" -> passives. The focus is on the mask, and it is the subject.
focusing on the actions of the mask: "the yasmak anti-influenza mask catches the germ and then kills it". This is an active sentence, and then they continue selling the mask by using passive.

Advert 3. New Zealand press, Northern Advocate, 1943 https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NA19430728.2.62. Exercise 3. These are different news reports on two similar pandemics. In the first group there are three, two from 20th^ century British newspapers and one from a New Zealand newspaper whereas in the second group they are from a contemporary American webpage and a contemporary British newspaper. You have to explain why these texts can be understood as news reports by looking at the lexical and grammatical cohesion devices. Also, you have to compare them so as to explain how they have changed, if they have done so, in DA terms. Advert 3: Lexical cohesion:

The photo and its connection with the text: the woman looks healthy. If you take this medicine you're going to be like her.
the vocabulary is connected: "sedative", "tablets", "flu".
Repetition: of "Esterin". They want you to remember the name of the chemist "Nyal Esterin". Grammatical cohesion:
we find imperatives. We also have a lot of descriptions, relative clauses... there is a description of this medicine.
Ellipsis: "sold by chemist".

News reports 1 On 29 May 1918 the Hull Daily Mail is reporting on ‘ The Spanish ‘Plague ”: Practically all Spain is affected by the mysterious epidemic resembling influenza which is raging and causing many deaths. So many workers in Government offices are down with it that public business is greatly hampered. Many private firms have had to close for want of staff. Two-thirds of the tramway staff are laid up, and the service has had to be greatly curtailed. On the 5 July 1919 , the Derbyshire Advertiser and Journal reports on the situation at Derby: There is a large number of persons down with Spanish influenza at Derby, and many of the large works in the district are being greatly inconvenienced in consequence. The victims include munition workers, tramway employees, clerks and others, and several schools have been closed in consequence of the epidemic. Doctors are experiencing a very busy time. 1955 New Zealand press https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19551103.2. News reports 2

An academic text Abstract ( Maria Edgeworth’s choice of auxiliary verb in perfect tenses , in Token, 10, 2020 ) The present study concentrates on Maria Edgeworth’s use of auxiliary verbs ( have or be ) in combination with the participle gone in perfect tenses and the possible reasons for the choice of one or the other. A corpus containing most of her novels and moral tales was compiled and all the examples in which gone appeared were extracted and later analysed manually. The results show a clear preference for be , even in her later works, dating from when have was already well-established in the language as the auxiliary verb for perfect tenses. As for the reasons, while Maria Edgeworth was thought to have been influenced by the Irish English variety in her choice, a comparison between her use of auxiliaries in the narrative sections of her works and in the voice of the characters might indicate a possible manipulation by editors or an intention to show differences in speech. Similarly, it is also likely that some of the components of motion situations may have motivated her choices. Keywords : Late Modern English, perfect tenses, choice of auxiliary, motion situations, editors’ manipulation.

Comparing Recipes and Adverts: Analyzing Lexical and Grammatical Cohesion - Prof. Calvo, Ejercicios de Lingüística

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