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CONTINUACION SEMANA PASADA
reorganization of production at a global scale. GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS global commodity chains enabled by tech advances: container shipping, jet airline travel and telecommunications Rather than having a plant, the products are produced by a sequence that is world wide. This is only not only for goods but for services too. planners (plan) - > suppliers (make)-> manufacturers (make)-> Shippers (move) - > wholesale, retail, direct (sell)-> end users tech matters for globalization. Global connections, global effects: a disruption in a country can affect the whole chain. Therefore the risk of disruption is important. We can also think of labor as an outsource (creative destruction). As capitalist produces things in one place, affects negatively to other places (traditional - national- manufacturing). Services have shifted to the core while manufacturing has shifted to the periphery. Therefore global effects occur all world wide and DoL - > more global We are becoming increasingly economic interdependent. Walmart has developed a model that allows very cheap imports from China what leaves small stores that cannot compete out of game. Chine relies in the US for jobs and buys while the US relies in China for products. This kind of interdependence is good for the world because it reduces war (Friedman claims that…) GLOBAL ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE Bretton Woods Conference - 1994 - at the end of IIWW - > to try to rebuild Europe - > argue against protectionist policies (against the defense of domestic industries, (in favor free trade…) They came with a number of institutions: IMF (Int. mon. fund: to provide loans, to regulate monetary order…), GAT (now called WTO - world trade organ.) and the World Bank This organizations have become key players that difunden new ideas and policies. WTO sets rules or trade, settles dispute about trade infractions and is empowered to implement sections for violations of trade agreements (only binding for those states that are members of the WTO). IMF and World Bank: provide loans but in return demand some kind of neoliberal reform (structural adjustment in the path of free market econ.), promote “Washington consensus”: fiscal discipline, tax reform, abolition of tariffs, privatization of state enterprises, deregulation…, economic colonialism where the west have a set of preferred economic solutions that are imposed to those countries that have little to say about it (developing countries) and risk management (acting as protection)
SEMANA 4
WHO BENEFITS FROM GLOBALIZATION?
There are different kinds of benefits: lifestyle: how we are living our lives, political: if we benefit politically, economic: are we sharing wealth-getting better world wide level & human capital Are they happening? And if so, are those benefits weigh shared equally? LIFESTYLE BENEFITS (POSITIVE BENEFIT) Micklethwait and Wooldridge claim that lifestyle is benefiting from glob. because it Increases freedom of choice. First of all, there is a limited government (the government doesn’t control us, there is more personal choice), consumer choice (we can order things abroad not only what spanish companies supply and monopolies dry because they are cut due to the possibility of choosing), travel and migration (we are free to move around, what is positive for us), Increased info. (mass media, internet - > what opens society), “spontaneous communities” (we are no longer connected only to those that are physically around but we can be connected world wide building a community online but it can be physical too- you can meet people from other parts of the world who have the same interests as you but you meet them physically - this can be a huge benefit for marginal groups (LGTB)) [SOME OF THESE FREEDOMS NEED MONEY] AQUI EMPIEZA GRABACION GEOPOLITICAL BENEFITS The basic thing here is that glob. can reduce the risk of war. Friedman basically claims that war depresses investment (no investment in war places). Countries that are integrated In the global econ. have incentives not to go to war. Countries in the global core (this) dons’t seem to stop them to going to war to (other) outside of their periphery countries. ECONOMIC AND HUMAN CAPITAL BENEFITS Is glob. good because we are living a wealthier lifestyle? Is glob. making us more or less equal? - > not clear (in theory) More equal?: by distributing tech. innovations globally, by allowing poorer regions to industrialize Less equal?: by creating additional wealth that elites can hoard, by concentrating benefits in wealthy countries (core) - > one thing capitalism do is to create additional wealth but does not imply to share it (suena a Marxist theory) however it can be sujetado by countries and not people: the West - the core- holds the money, getting richer while the rest of the world is not necessarily catching up. INEQUALITY: A TRICKY QUESTION Inequality: “the disproportionate distribution of some quantity x (what you are comparing) across units (at what level are you comparing: countries, regions,levels…)” There is very little agreement about inequ. is happening or not because is hard to achieve data. There are data probs.: Not always available, gov. figures may not be accurate and measures can distort reality. How you define the units can really make a difference.
INEQUALITY WITHIN COUNTRIES
Within nation inequality has been raising in the 20th century. Most countries in the north tend to be fairly equal societies. Within the west, inequalities seem to be rising (more in the anglo world: US, UK; CAN; AUS…) (within the US if you have a low wage (if don’t have a very high wage), you wage has been declining) INCOME INEQUALITY IN THE US In the US, income inequality was high until IIWW and has increased dramatically again since the 80s This is caused by free markets. The elites have boom in terms of their wealth. INCOME INEQ. IN THE WEST In Europe there is less tolerant for high wages and inequalities have remained more or less the same GLOBAL CULTURE CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Culture: symbolic systems that subtract, articulate… meaning.
- language, music and images
- values and identities: the way we represent ourselves
- knowledge and categories: part of an emerging global consciousness
- practices and institutions: the way we consume food, we cook… (practices)/ the family, schools… (instit.) EMPIEZA A GRABAR AQUI Cultural exchanges are not new, there is a more free and more widespread info than ever before (internet, global mass media…) all this issues rise a debate: homogenization (emphasises the transactional expansion of practices, beliefs…) vs. diversification (the interactive reaction of global and local ????) HOMOGENIZATION Main argument: homogenized culture is being imposed on the world by the western corporations. Global culture as a counterpart to the global economy Aspects of cult. homog.:
- “Grobalization”& the culture industry
- McDonaldization and standardized culture: culture is becoming a consumer activity and is becoming standardized
- Global media: global corporations are less in control of media (fewer and fewer with time)
- Cultural imperialism
- Global language GLOBALIZATION AND THE CULTURE INDUSTRY
“Grobalization": “the imperialistic ambitions of nations, corporations organizations…. whose main interest is is seeing their power, influence and profits grow” - Ritzer and Ryan The culture industry, coined by Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, claims that culture is produced and controlled by Western corporations for profit. “Culture today is infecting everything with sameness” - Horkheimer and Adorno - > they claim in their text ( Dialects of Enlightment) that everything is turning out to be the same. (e.g. actions movies, romantic comedies, car brands). Everything is the same in every culture. Culture as advertising: when we turn culture industry into selling brands we lose the magic and beauty of culture. (e.g. brands in movies, we consume media differently…). We consume culture through media that can change the reality where we live in, but doesn't encourage us to think of other realities. Media creates isolation and incapability of imagination (of other realities) Global culture is as escapism/defense of status quo we live in. When any art becomes more about profit, it looses the artistic feeling (they become emptier), they are consumer oriented. “Aesthetic barbarism” (e.g Gandia Shore) - > this is empty culture, is strictly oriented to a consumer, there is a lack of morals and message MCDONALDIZATION McDonaldization thesis: principles of fast food restaurants (efficiency, standardization, predictability (essential ideas)) are coming to dominate culture. This is happening mainly in western countries. It could be part of Americanization. “Globalization of nothing”: culture adopts “empty dorms that are relatively devoid of distinctive content” - Rizter and Ryan. Empty products are easier to export because they don’t have a distinctive subsistent (dehumanize), they lack global ties, and are not bound in time. They are generic and would not interfere with any culture. GLOBAL MEDIA Media is increasingly concentrated in transnational corporations. Advertising… is all in a global scope. There is an strong influence of profit. There is a decline in local media sources, local newspapers, independent radios… because all media is owned by few companies. Media helps create global consciousness. Despite territorial distances, there are connections through media. (e.g. sports: a refugee wearing a Barça shirt, online communities for sports…) CULTURAL IMPERIALISM Americanization: diffusion of American values and customs such as individualism, consumerism, neoliberalism. The spread of American customs and values over other cultures. (e.g. sports, brands, goods, technology, the american-way of doing politics, american military power…) There is an increasing pressure in consumption through media (broadcasting, news, purchasing goods…). As the consumption increases, capitalism is benefited. However there is also an impact in environment.
marketable than local languages (happens more in small countries like Sweden) - > is a vicious circle, la influence americana e inglesa produce una presión que aumenta el uso de ingles, y que aumenta tb la influencia americana e ingleasa (circulo vicious) GLOBAL AND TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITIES Is globalization good for the developing world? How might globalization be leading to increased cultural diversity? IS GLOBALIZATION A PATH TO DEVELOPMENT? (STIGLITZ’S MAIN ARGUMENT) There are several arguments economists about how globalization can influence economic development. Denser economic ties appear to be linked to economic development?
- Countries that were engaged at the end of the 20th century in global trade, had better standards of living and economic growth Countries that remain closed to global trade did not improve their standards of living Stiglitz: “The problem is not with globalization but how it is managed”. It is not about globalization but how we are globalized, how are we encouraging developing countries to globalize, how we are managing it (economically…). Countries that have been able to globalize in their own terms, are in a most successful situation overall that countries that have the globalization managed by someone else for them. Problems with IMF’s neoliberal program (that tries to expand markets as much as possible):
- Free capital flows: we structure currency markets to open up banking, investment… NO SE ENTIENDE BIEN EN LA GRABACIÓN
- Fiscal discipline damages safety net, raises tax burden: important major prank. According to Stiglitz, this leads to a reduction in expending and social services. By reducing taxes at the upper classes, leads to increasing taxes in middle and lower classes. This benefits local elites while the large mass of the country doesn’t benefit to the same extent
- High interest rates hamper job creation: NO SE ENTIENDE BIEN EN LA GRABACIÓN
- Global trade agreements unfair to poorer countries: because developed countries don’t open their markets to external products, while they make pressure in developing countries in order for them to open their markets to West manufactured goods, corporations and trade agreements that are not particularly fair on them (e.g. US tries to make Cuba to open its markets for US products) By contrast, East Asian countries didn’t grew along financial and market liberalization, but with with an strategy of exports that relies in their domestic industries, imposing the government very rigid regulations about industries… A lot of these countries while developing were not democracies (e.g. Singapore, Taiwan…) Globalization can be a good development for some countries but Stiglitz claims that we have to think more about how to globalize, because this not always leads to development, same economic growth… due to the different situations of each country. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION Is cultural globalization making us (culturally) more similar, or more different?
Homogenization: emphasizes transnational expansion vs. Diversification: emphasizes interactive creation of interesting hybrids and local level mixes (interaction between global and local)
• HOMOGENIZATION
Main argument: homogenized popular culture is being imposed on the world by western corporations and western institutions that are trying to increase their own profits. A main aspect of this would be the role of transnational corporations and the production of products that are sold at a world wide level. Culture industry: The main idea about culture industry is that culture is produced by corporations for profit (Hollywood…)
- “Globalization of nothing”: we consume things that are indistinguishable, they are standardized, generic products without specific content. Corporations produce the same thing over and over again, and therefore we consume them because it is what is there. Cultural imperialism: (how corporations are homogenizing artistic culture, the westernization of culture)
- Diffusion of American goods and values: these, meaning values, are forced upon the rest of the world, american goods are the ones which are globalized. This is because America, particularly since the end of the CW, has such as hegemonic position in the global economy, american goods and values are often the most world wide spread (liberalism, individualism…)
- Diffusion of core tenets of Western culture: these main basic ideas in the West are being presented to the rest of the world as universal ideas (universalized arguments), originated in the West, in christianity, democracy… This includes the idea of human rights (this values spread are not necessarily only American but European too (Western values) (e.g. human rights: women rights, religion freedom, freedom of speech…) Summary: corporations are providing as with goods and practices that make us more similar, but also the ideas and values where we are trying to base the globalized world are themselves part of a Western culture.
• DIVERSIFICATION
Diversification claims that we are not actually becoming more similar. The main argument about diversification is that global culture flows reinvigorate local cultural niches, they are reinvigorating diversity or, at least sustaining existing diversity. Local cultural interact with global trends to create unique new cultural forms. The majority of people live local life but we are constantly subjected to these global forms that are transforming our culture. Aspects of cultural diversification:
• Multidirectional flows
The idea about Cultural Imperialism is that the US or the West is kind of imposing its ideas and values upon the world, homogenizing us all. The idea about multidirectional flows is that that may be true but in the US or the West we are also permanently receiving information from other parts of the world, therefore cultural flows are multidirectional, we need to think about this like flows that go in many directions (e.g. telenovelas in Latin America exported to Europe and US, Yoga from South Asia to the West). They transform the way we live in Europe and US.
We can see this reassertion happening with the importance of local traditions, through local groups that try to fight back globalization trends, not only about globalized food trends but also globalized in terms of markets, political organization… The hole idea about local patrimony is having a protected zone, a way of protecting local traditions against global markets forces (e.g. cheeses, wines…) Gastronationalism (DeSoucey): local practices (local traditions) that are perceived to be under threat are protected (e.g Froigrasse tourism in France…). DIVERSIFICATION: SUMMARY NO SE ENTIENDE BIEN EN LA GRABACIÓN Global culture may not be becoming so homogenous in the end because:
- Cultural^ flows^ are^ multidirectional
- New^ hybrid^ cultural^ blend^ the^ global^ and^ the^ local
- Cultural^ meaning^ may^ change^ local^ meanings…
- FALTA^ UNA GLOBALIZATION AND IDENTITY We should think about identity as an aspect of culture, but is an aspect that is distinctive. Identities: “self and communal definitions based around specific…differentiations: gender, sexuality, class, religion, race and ethnicity, nationality” - John Tomlinson, “Cultural Globalization” Identities are also collective products (not only the things he hold as individuals), identities are always produced in interaction and can be plural (we have multiple identities) (they are not only who we think who we are but who people think who we are). Identities are the way we organize diversity. (e.g I am a Spaniard, from Madrid, a student, a girl… those are all different identities). And people treat us following different aspects about our identity.
- Identities are not neutral:
- Systems^ of^ closure:^ being^ a^ part^ of^ a^ group^ (Spanish)^ means^ that^ other^ people^ are^ not^ part of this group (with maybe the exception of human)
- Imply^ an^ “other”,^ an^ outgroup
- Often hierarchical (in most societies in the world, man are seem as superior over women, in
the US whites over blacks…). Systems of exclusion (identity) allow hierarchies to grow.
- A useful political tool: in order to create political power, as a way of building solidarity…
GLOBALIZATION AND IDENTITY: KEY QUESTIONS NO SE ENTIENDE BIEN EN LA
GRABACIÓN
• Globalization is transforming the contexts in which we form our identities
• Are new forms of global and transnational identity developing? (e.g LGTB identity…, European
or citizens of the world): New forms of potential groupings (identity) are being created, as our
social networks change thanks to globalization. Also, interactions between borders may be creating new communities (e.g. expatriates)
• Or are older, local forms of identity being strengthened? NO LO CONTESTA
NEW TRANSNATIONAL IDENTITIES NO SE ENTIENDE BIEN EN LA GRABACIÓN
• Global class identities
Labor solidarity has being important since the time of Karl Marx (“workers of the world unite!” - The Communist Manifesto). In the 19th century, working class people had an idea of global solidarity that needed to be strengthened, and this idea of working class was applied around the world as an identity. Class identities can be really important, and in part this is because the organization of labor is quite transnational (identity of being working class). As a result contemporary labor solidarity can be used to combat transnational corporate misbehavior (e.g. Nestlé in Indonesia case)
• Transnational identities
Fligstein, “Who are the Europeans?” Is there a new “European identity” emerging alongside the EU? How is European identity promoted?
- Symbols and rituals (e.g the flag, license plates, the European national anthem, the euro…)
- Education: students learn themselves being as part of Europe, Erasmus (to increase
European identity, consciousness)…
- Elite opinion
- Interpersonal communication and interaction (because Identities are created through
interaction, identities are formed in groups, it is easier to travel…) European identity is stratified by class. The people that have the strongest attachment to Europe are the ones that have had opportunities to have relationships with Europe or those who have the more to benefit for European relations (younger than older, not in labor force, white-collar, manager, professional, owners, mean over women, high education, higher income… are the ones who see themselves as European in a higher amount) Identifying yourself as “European” varies across countries
• Civilizational Identities
“Clash of Civilizations” (Huntington): world is made up of nine civilizations divided by cultural fault lines (Islamic, Western, Latin American, Japanese, Sinic, Hindu, Orthodox, African and Buddhist) Globalization promotes “civilizational consciousness”:
- Tendency towards “us/them” dynamic: other people who are not part of “our group”, our
civilization (you can’t sit with us) - > nosotros/ ellos (separación)
- Non-Westerns skeptical of “human rights imperialism”: this may be a result of this tendency
towards “us/them” dynamic. Transnational economic and political ties (markets, EU…) tend to reinforce civilizational differences Religion is increasingly a basis for geopolitical appeals
But also migrate respond to top-down political and structural change, processes (this are increasingly going from south to north, changing the usual migration - north to south-) THREE WAVES OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
- First^ wave:^1500 -^1800 (preindustrial^ world)
- Early settlers of ‘New World’ (also forced migrations of Africans to America)
- Transatlantic migration
- Second^ wave:^1800 -^1918
- Mass European and some Asian migration, overwhelmingly to USA
- By 1910, foreign-born made up 15% of US population
During this wave we have a simultaneously closing of boundaries (fronteras) and expanding symbolic physical boundaries (giving citizenship to African American men and allowing them in suffrage…) 1939, ‘Voyage of the Damned’ - > jews flying Europe, trying to save german jews. They tried to reach the US, but they went back to Europe until a few countries allowed them as refugees. They were mainly European with few Asian but Asian were considered undesirable (they were rejected)
- Unremarkable in Scale
- Distinctive in Scope
Unremarkable in scale (almost same % as after the 2nd wave) Distictive in scope: less mobility of people in the world High income countries are the ones absorbing the majority of migrants in the world, many come from developing countries (majority from Asia, but also Europe due to internal European migration, and then Latin America with US and Europe). Nowadays, India is the main diaspora pollution, followed by Mexico (?) and Russia. DUALISM IN OCCUPATIONS AND HUMAN CAPITAL
- Highly-skilled^ migrants^ (ingenieros,^ healthcare,^ education^ sector,^ entrepreneurs…) The students are increasingly choosing the US as destination for college Highly-skilled migrants are needed in order to maintain welfare state in rich countries
- Low-skilled/^ unauthorized^ or^ illegal^ migrants
- Asylum-seekers^ ((%^ of^ international^ migration) The last two groups face different problems for migration than the highly-skilled migrants 90 ’s- 00 ’s massive wave of undocumented migrants in the US
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
Migration today as both a consequence and factor of economic, political and cultural globalization “Push” and “pull” factors: possible structural elements in receiving societies that are attractive for migrants, not only linguistic and cultural similarities (pull factors) /// war, famines… (push factors) Specific aspects of globalization have expanded push and pull factor. Traditional push and pull factors are not longer enough to explain migration. CHANGING PUSH FACTORS
- Increased flows of goods, services, technology, capital and information from one part of the world to another leads to increased flows in labour (from south to north)
- Diasporic communities living transnationally influence potential migrants (facilitates the coming of new migrants to these countries, money earned in these countries that is then send to original countries of migrants, showing signs of success when coming back home) CHANGING PULL FACTORS As developed countries become more multicultural, perceptions of a globalized world become stronger, which in turn fosters labour migration
- Specific circumstances in OECD countries
- Tension between countries’ long-term economic needs and potential destabilizing effects of high
migration rates EFFECTS OF MIGRATION ON COUNTRIES FO RESIDENCE AND COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN
- Residence^ countries:^ local^ and^ regional^ wages^ change^ as^ a^ consequence^ of^ migration^ but^ not^ at a national level. At a cultural level, it is clear how migration affects it (cuscus has been voted as one of the most successful dish (exquisito) in France due to north-african migration) (also cosmopolitan of values may be a strength) High-income countries are receiving “talent”
- Origin^ countries:^ talent^ goes^ to^ other^ countries.^ Migrants^ come^ home^ carry^ experience,^ money… that can be beneficial (economic benefits from sending countries). Thanks to migrant international work, there is a huge amount of remittances (money send back to country of origin). (?). Investment increases thanks to sending countries (migrants are increasingly investing in local projects in order to improve development: transportation, health care facilitations…). The local culture develops an entire new culture out of migration. There is a division between nationals and “ disloyal”. Due to different powers of migration, existing gender structures and behavior can be reinforced (when an entire village of men leaves, women stay taking care of children)
