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ASPE PAPA - Descriptive grammár litis the study the phrase and it analizea all the different types of phrases that there are (NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP, and PP) The phrase is the basic unit, however there are some parts that would require to know all the notions tat are connected with the second and the third one. - Descriptive grammar Il: it is the study of the clause and by clause we will understand like the simple sentence and its constituents (Verb, Subject, Verbal Complements and Adjuncts) - Descriptive grammar Il: it is the study of the complex sentence, so not just the notion of clause and simpel sentences but when we got a coordinated sentence, subordinated sentence and the order of clauses. APPROACHES TO THE GRAMMAR OF LANGUAGES Grammar has deal in some point with the sentences but also the smallest units, like clauses or phrases. Also, grammar describes the pirnciples which govern the form and the meaning of all this grammar units and notions. The notion of grammar can be seen from different perspectives, which are: Prescriptive grammar: It is that grammar which prescrives how language must be used. The aims which prescriptive grammar is focused are improving speaking and writing and they try to imrpove and let seakers know and usually leanrers of that language how laguage should be used. Somehow, it determines what it is right and what it is wrong. It focuses on style because it tells you some expressions, how you must used them, they make no distinction between standard and non-standard or formal and informal, because they are not really interested in knowing how speakers speak, they are focused on the standed variant of the language, but they make a distinction between correct and incorrect. The sepcialist involved in this type of grammar are editors and teachers because they have to lay out rules about what they believe to be correct or incorrect. Descriptive grammar It tries to describe how language is actually used by native speakers. Therefore, a descriptive grammar aim at describing usage in a non-judgemental way. Itis a systematic study of the grammatical system actually used by speakers. A distinction between Standard and non-standard variance of the language, and a distinction as well between formal and informal and we compare and explain in what context is used which one. The sepcialist involved in this type of grammar are linguists, people analyzing how langage opperate because they study the rules or patterns that underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. LEVELS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS Language is made of several different interacting levels and we can concentrate in any of this levels for any purposes and all this different facets of the structure of language are interconnected. There are three main areas in interacting levels: INONCIATION - Phonology and grammars: there are two contexts, the 3rd person singular presen tense or the plural, so depending on which one must be used, an -(e)s would be spelled. - Phonology and syntax: it is referred to the order of words and it has to do with the sound of the same word in different contexts - Phonology and semantes: distinction of sound in minimal pairs. - Semantics and morphology: when adding suffixes we know the meaning, so we are giving the abstraction. - Semantics and syntax: order of the words - Syntax and pagmatics RALMAR There are two different types of description which are the synchronic description and the diachronic description. A synchronic description would be a description of lansuage at one point in time, at a particular period of time. A diachronic description is how it evolves the language, but we will focused just to the synchronic. - Morphology: itdeals with the form and structure of the word itself. EMANTICS OLS OF LINGUISTICS Linguistics is the human faculty of language Tha Panini had some descriptions of Sanskrit morphology in the 5th century before christ. Then, greeks and the romans started dealing with the origins of language and nature of meaning, and then in medieval times all the different grammar were created mainly by monks. In the18th century, the Indo-European family of languages were discovered, so it was reated all the different branches that we know. Classical languages like, Latin, Greek, Sanskrit were compared to other European Languages and it was a century were this correspondances were really important and this connections were really stablished 
