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Major word classes de Gramatica 1, Apuntes de Gramática y Composición

Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Gramática y Composición

Es un documento explicando las major word classes

Tipo: Apuntes

2020/2021

A la venta desde 10/12/2021

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1- Main properties of NOUNS
NUMBER
- Two forma: singular and plural (tree- trees, cat- cats
- Some nouns don’t inflect for number:
o Only singular (furniture, advices, information)
o Only plural (pair nouns: jeans, trousers, glasses...)
ONLY SINGULAR NOUS
- Mass nouns: flour
- Proper nouns: helen
- Some nouns:
IRREGULAR PLURALS:
- The –en plural: child- children
- Sero morphem:
He saw many sheep in the farm.
I have never shoot duck. ( but: john likes feeding the ducks in the park)
- Replacive morph: woman- women, topth- theerh
- (allomorphic) variation of the root: leaf- leaves, house- houses (pronunciation)
- Foreign plurals: stimulus- stimuli: curriculum- curricula, crisis- crises, phenomen-
phenomena.
CASE
Case is a grammatical category that indicates the function of a noun phrase in the clause.
Latin or German: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative.
English: only genitive case: my sister’s shoe.
Nouns do not change in form:
Eg. My sister speaks german.
He knows my sister.
He talked to my sister.
Case and word order: “free” vs. fixer
LATIN: pater amat fillium
Pater fillium amat.
Fillium amat pater
Amat fillium pater
ENGLISH: (SVO- subject verb object)
A father loves his children
• A father his children loves (wrong)
• His children love a father (wrong)
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1 - Main properties of NOUNS NUMBER

  • Two forma: singular and plural (tree- trees, cat- cats
  • Some nouns don’t inflect for number: o Only singular (furniture, advices, information) o Only plural (pair nouns: jeans, trousers, glasses...) ONLY SINGULAR NOUS
  • Mass nouns: flour
  • Proper nouns: helen
  • Some nouns: IRREGULAR PLURALS:
  • The – en plural: child- children
  • Sero morphem: He saw many sheep in the farm. I have never shoot duck. ( but: john likes feeding the ducks in the park)
  • Replacive morph: woman- women, topth- theerh
  • (allomorphic) variation of the root: leaf- leaves, house- houses (pronunciation)
  • Foreign plurals: stimulus- stimuli: curriculum- curricula, crisis- crises, phenomen- phenomena. CASE Case is a grammatical category that indicates the function of a noun phrase in the clause. Latin or German: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. English: only genitive case: my sister ’s shoe. Nouns do not change in form: Eg. My sister speaks german. He knows my sister. He talked to my sister. Case and word order: “free” vs. fixer LATIN : pater amat fillium Pater fillium amat. Fillium amat pater Amat fillium pater ENGLISH: (SVO- subject verb object) A father loves his children
  • A father his children loves (wrong)
  • His children love a father (wrong)
  • Loves his children a father (wrong) GENITIVE CASE Consider the meaning of the following NPs: do they express possession? a. My husband’s computer b. The president’s murder c. – Genitive meanings:
  • Possession: sara’s bag
  • Characterization: girl’s school
  • Origin: rodin’s sculptures
  • Measure: an hour’s walk
  • Subjective: the student’s application
  • Objective: There are different forms to express the various genitive meanings:
  • Genitive ‘s :
  • Of- phrase:
  • No genitive form (juxtaposition): kitchen table. These are different forma have restrictions ‘s Of- phrase Her mother’s dress *the dress of her mother The cat’s whiskers The whiskers of the cat The fly’s wing The wing of the fly *the book’s pages Tha pages of the book The government’s recent plans The recent plans of the government GENDER Gender as a grammatical category in: catalan, german, Spanish, French, and meny other languages. Gender assignment ( masculine , feminine, neuter) is arbitrary and there is no correspondence between languages. Nouns ( and adjectives) : masculine or feminine Sorra ( fem), sable ( masc) Mesa ( fem), tisch( masc) Cotxe ( masc), voiture ( fem), auto ( neut) NB: grammatical gender is an agreement system for noun classes, it is loosely connected or not connected at all with biological sex or social gender, or may have other meanings : biological sex, shape… English: biological sex / natural gender ( not grammatical= not inflectional)

Studying Japanese is not an effort for him. Past tense:

  • Simple past: he studied Japanese last year
  • Conditional constructions: if he studied Japanese, he would understand her. Past participle:
  • With have to form perfect forms: he has studied Japanese for two years
  • With be to form passive clauses: the problem was studied by experts
  • Non-finite subordinate clauses: horrified by what they had read, they decided to write a letter to the journal. Finite and non-finite forms: Compare the two clauses where STUDY appears: [my son studies Japanese in school] [my son decided to study japanese] The difference between these two clauses = tense FINITE: show tense and person contrast NON-FINITE FORMS : don’t show tense or person contrast REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS: Regular rules:
  • Add – s to the base
  • Add – ing to the base
  • Add – ed to the base Syncretism =two identical forms A. SHE COMPOSED A SONG () B. SHE HAS COMPOSED MANY SONGS ( past participle) a. She wrote a song() b. She has written many songs() IRREGULAR VERBS How are tgese groups different? a. Write – wrote- written b. Put-put-put c. Buy-bought- bought SUPPLETIVE FORMS GO *goed
  • Went Do you know any other suppletive verb in English? The verb to be.

Why is beware a defective verb? It lacks some of the forms. It is only used in imperative and infinitive contexts. Beware of the dog! You have to beware of the dog! Grammatical categories related to the verb: TENSE ASPECT MOOD VOICE 1 - TENSE

  • Locates the clause in the time
  • It is a deictic category= interpreted in relation to the time of speech. Timeline Inflectional (when you add inflection) vs periphrastic (when you add some auxiliary) 2 - ASPEC T
  • Another way of looking at “events”: Are they complete or ongoing?
  • Perfects aspect= have + v
  • Past aspect 3 - MOOD In English=expressed with modals Some of the meanings that are expressed with modals: o You may go to the cinema with your friends (permission) o You must do your homework (obligation) o He must be deaf (possibility) 4 - VOICE Active vs passive voice = refers to whole clause. Notice the change in “unction” of her plants. She waters her plants every day Her plants are watered every day. NB: These four categories (tense, aspect, mood and voice) affect the meaning of the clause. They are often expressed by auxiliaries (not verbs). Some syntactic properties: The verb is the head of the verb phrase (VP) a. John [gave Mary a book] b. He [sent a letter] c. The dog [sleeps] The verb defines the number of required elements in a sentence.

He drives faster than her. Adverb – Derivation Adverb suffix: - ly Some syntactic properties of adverbs The adverb be the head of an adverbial phrase (AdvP) She spoke [very quickly] Adverbs can occur in mant positions: Usually they have lunch outside. X S V O X They always have meat for lunch. A very long book. She speaks very quickly. He is always telling the same jokes.

5 - MAIN PROPERTIES OF PREPOSITIONS

Of, in, on, at, from… Prepositions are a closed lexical category-> they may be considered a minor word class. Most typically, they denote relations in space and time.

  • LOCATION (in space or time) I live in London. He left in January.
  • GOAL AND SOURCE I went from Paris to Milan. I lived there from March till September.
  • PATH I went over the hill. They lived her through the 90s. Do prepositions inflect? – No, they are usually morphologically simple. What about derivation? – Most prepositions are simple roots (one morpheme). Compounding is possible: onto, into, upon, within, without, throughout. Some syntactic properties of prepositions:
  • The prepositions is the head of the prepositional phrase (PP). She walked [to the desk]. My brother was [in his room].