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morfosintaxis del ingles unit 1, Diapositivas de Morfología y Sintaxis

Universidad de Murcia (UM)Morfología y Sintaxis

morfo sintaxis del ingles unit 1 apuntes

Tipo: Diapositivas

2018/2019

Subido el 18/01/2023

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UNIT 1
Review of basic morphological concepts
• The lexeme is a sign, pairing of form with meaning (possibly with
other information):
(1) Lexeme CAT:
Phonology: /kæt/
Semantics: [CAT]
• See Aronoff & Fudeman (2011: 43-46)
•The inflected forms of a lexeme are word forms.
•Inflected forms realize inflectional features or properties, such as
[Number: Plural] or [Tense: Past]
LEXEMES
• The form of inflected forms is given by a set of rules and
principles in the inflectional morphology component of the
grammar.
• An important part of the inflectional morphology is the
enumeration of inflectional features. These are language-specific,
although recurrent across languages.
• Some notational conventions:
LEXEME → Small capitals
‘Meaning’, [MEANING] → quotes or square brackets+cap.
Words → Italics
ru:ts (roots) → phonetic transcription
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9
pfa
pfd
pfe
pff

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UNIT 1

Review of basic morphological concepts

  • The lexeme is a sign, pairing of form with meaning (possibly with other information):

(1) Lexeme CAT: Phonology: /kæt/ Semantics: [CAT]

  • See Aronoff & Fudeman (2011: 43-46)

•The inflected forms of a lexeme are word forms.

•Inflected forms realize inflectional features or properties, such as [Number: Plural] or [Tense: Past]

LEXEMES

  • The form of inflected forms is given by a set of rules and principles in the inflectional morphology component of the grammar.
  • An important part of the inflectional morphology is the enumeration of inflectional features. These are language-specific, although recurrent across languages.
  • Some notational conventions: LEXEME → Small capitals ‘Meaning’, [MEANING] → quotes or square brackets+cap. Words → Italics ru:ts (roots) → phonetic transcription

LEXEMES

  • Remember that lexemes are abstract, i.e. the lexeme for the word ‘cat’ is labelled as CAT, but it could as well be called ‘Lexeme 100’
  • The meaning is formalized using square brackets, but this is just a convention (how do we store meanings in our brains?)

Aronoff & Fudeman 2011: 45

PARADIGMS

  • The inflected forms of a lexeme form paradigms.

Base form climb swim run cut Present participle climb+ing swimm+ing runn+ing cutt+ing 3rd person sg. climb+s swim+s run+s cut+s Past climb+ed swam ran cut Past participle climb+ed swum run cut

  • The word ‘climbed’ is a single word form (of lexeme CLIMB), but it has two grammatical descriptions: past and participle. Thus, it

represents two different grammatical words.

  • Systematic homophony of this kind is called syncretism and the word form climbed is syncretic between the two descriptions.

LEXICAL ENTRIES

  • Very often there is not a one-to-one correspondence between a word and one single meaning.
  • Polysemy: There is similarity between meanings, so that one meaning is a metaphorical extension of another.

Mouth 1. Of a person

  1. Of a cave
  2. Of a river

Strike 1. hit

  1. give the impression

LEXICAL ENTRIES

  • In spite of meaning differences, idiosyncratic morphology remains unchanged: struck is the past of strike (regardless of the specific meaning.
  • Occasionally, however, one meaning will have a regularized inflectional paradigm or there will be vacilation ( mouse → mice , but what happens when we mean a computer mouse?)
  • When there is no meaning connection between two superficially

identical words, we use the term homonymy or homophony.

bank 1. money

  1. river
  • Very often homonyms are not homographs ( prey/pray, reign/rain, write/right ), i.e. they are spelt differently.

LEXICAL ENTRIES

  • There are intermediate cases in which it is unclear whether we are dealing with polysemy or homonymy: Tom ran a mile Tom ran a factory Tom ran huge risks
  • There are also areas in the lexicon of systematic polysemy. Some verbs have related transitive/intransitive verbs. The vase broke Tom broke the vase
  • Because there is no predictable meaning relatedness between the different meanings of words such as run , this information will have to be stored in the lexicon.

LEXICAL ENTRIES

  • Therefore, we are dealing with a whole host of distinct signs, and hence distinct lexemes.
  • However, we also have to record in our lexicon that all these different lexemes have exactly the same morphological properties.

This is achieved by introducing the concept of lexeme index.

  • Each lexeme (i.e. each distinct sense of a word) is provided with its own unique index, which we’ll notate using an arbitrarily selected number.

LEXICON

  • The lexicon is a listing of all the lexical entries of the language.
  • Some theories assume that it includes organizing principles (e.g. what kind of lexemes are systematically related to each other).
  • Other theories just refer to ‘lexicon’ as an unstructured list of idiosyncractic facts about words.
  • We shall call the organizing principles ‘the lexical component’ and keep the term ‘lexicon’ for the word register.
  • See Aronoff & Fudeman (2011: 54-57) for further details.

EXERCISES

1. Provide lexical entries for the following words: bring visit foot girl 2. Provide lexical entries, including a lexeme index, for the following words:

head master

DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY

  • English has a variety of morphological operations which permit us

to derive a new lexeme from an old one (a base lexeme).

  • We call these operations derivational morphology.
  • The new lexeme is called derived lexeme.
  • In the canonical cases of derivational morphology, the meaning of the new lexeme is related in a simple, regular fashion to the meaning of the derivational affix.

PRINT + suffix –er (person or thing that…)

PRINTER

DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY

  • The new lexeme (PRINTER) has its own root, derived by systematically modifying the root of the base lexeme.
  • The PRINT → PRINTER type of derivation is called semantically

compositional because we can obtain the meaning of the derived

lexeme by simply knowing the meaning of the parts.

  • This is not true of all derivations: e.g. WAIT+ER or SITT+ER are not ‘someone who waits’ or ‘someone who sits’.
  • In these cases we say that the derived forms are semantically

non-compositional.

  • Words resulting from derivation may belong to a different word class from the base: PRINT (verb) + able → PRINTABLE (adj).
  • This crucially differs from inflection. Inflected forms are forms of a single lexeme, and a lexeme is supposed to belong to only one lexical category.

THREE TYPES OF DERIVATION IN ENGLISH

  • Conversions are cases in which new lexemes may be derived without any morphology being involved. skin (noun) → to skin (verb) ‘remove skin from’) mix (verb) → mix (noun)

DISCUSSING THE MORPHEME CONCEPT

  • A morpheme is defined as the smallest indivisible meaningful unit of a word.
  • This concept was put forward by American Structuralist linguistics of the 1920s onwards.
  • According to this view, each morphologically complex word is made up out of simple atomic building blocks, each of which contributes a meaning of its own to the whole word.
  • Each morpheme is a kind of lexical sign (i.e. just like a lexeme in its own right) print </print/, [PRINT]> -z </z/, [PLURAL]>

DISCUSSING THE MORPHEME CONCEPT

  • It has been suggested that morphemes combine with each other to form hierarchical structures, much like the syntactic structures –

hence the term word syntax.

Noun, Plural (printers)

N

V suffix suffix

print er z

DISCUSSING THE MORPHEME CONCEPT

  • Morphemes sometimes assume different phonological shapes depending on their phonological, morphological or lexical

environment. This is called allomorphy.

-able: /abl – abil/ read ~ readable ~ readability

  • ic: /ik – is/ period ~ periodic ~ periodicity

MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND

MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS

  • Examples of morphological processes are pluralization (i.e. the process whereby singular cat becomes plural cats ) or past formation ( walk becomes walked ).
  • Morphological operations are the procedures to implement morphological processes (e.g. prefixation/suffixation). In this

sense, morphological operations are the exponent of a

morphological process.

Morphological process: pluralization Morphological operation: -z suffixation Exponent of plurality -z Result kat → katz

SOME TERMINOLOGY

  • The basic phonological form of a lexeme from which other forms

are built is called root.

/si:l/ ‘seal’ root /si:ld/ ‘sealed’ inflected form

  • The form which is the input to some morphological operation to

realize some inflectional property is called stem. In English, roots

and stems coincide, but not in other languages such as Spanish: /chic-/ ‘boy’ (root) (stem for) /chic-a/ ‘girl’ (stem for) /chic-a-s/ ‘girls’

SOME TERMINOLOGY

  • Base: Form which is the input to compounding or derivational morphology, or an inflectional operation (e.g. print is the base of the derived verb reprint ).
  • Affix: morphophonological element added to the right (suffix) or left (prefix) of a base.
  • Bound vs Free Elements: Bound elements cannot occur independently (morpheme –z, -ed, root /chic-/ in Spanish CHICO). Free elements can occur in isolation (root /kat/ is also word ‘cat’).

MORPHOLOGICAL OPERATIONS IN ENGLISH

  • Affixation: Addition of affix to base form (already illustrated).
  • Ablaut: Change in the vowel of a root or stem. This is found with a few irregular plurals, past tenses and occasionally accompanies certain types of affixation man ~ men goose ~ geese sing ~ sang ~ sung
  • Consonant mutation: A handful of verbs are formed by voicing the final consonant of a noun: house /haus/ ~ to house /hauz/

PRODUCTIVITY

  • Some morphological processes are very regular and more or less any lexeme of the right sort will undergo it, e.g. nearly all transitive

verbs have an –able/-ible form. These are called productive

processes.

  • Others only apply to a small number of lexemes and cannot be applied to new words, e.g. –ery in bakery (*drinkery). These are

called non-productive processes.

  • Certain types of compounding in English are productive, e.g. the Noun + Noun Compounding: sword fish
  • Others are only found in a handful of compounds, e.g. Verb + Noun as in swearword.

CLITICS

  • These are phonologically dependent elements that have to ‘lean

on’ a phonological host to the right – proclitic, or to the left –

enclitic.

  • Some well-known cases of enclitics include it’s, could’ve, she’ll, wasn’t.
  • Many function words are normally unstressed and could be seen as clitics: the book, an orange.