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Números complejos, Ejercicios de Matemáticas Aplicadas

Este documento proporciona una explicación detallada sobre los números complejos, incluyendo los diferentes tipos de números (naturales, enteros, racionales, irracionales y reales), las operaciones con números complejos (igualdad, adición, multiplicación), el plano complejo, el conjugado complejo, la forma polar y los teoremas de demoivre y euler. También se presentan ejemplos y aplicaciones de los números complejos, como la resolución de ecuaciones polinómicas y la representación gráfica de las raíces de la unidad. El documento cubre los conceptos fundamentales de los números complejos de una manera clara y comprensible, lo que lo hace útil para estudiantes universitarios y de bachillerato que estén aprendiendo sobre este tema.

Tipo: Ejercicios

2023/2024

Subido el 03/06/2024

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Complex numbers
ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE 62
Types of Numbers: Natural, Integers, Rational, Irrational, and Real Numbers
The different types of numbers are explained in this video in an easy to understand way.
Download my notes in the video: https://www.dropbox.com/s/k23v4be4z2yk57j/25%20-%20Types%20of%20Numbers%2C%20rational%20integers.pdf?dl=0
Related Video:
Imaginary Numbers: http://youtu.be/iLGopblJ1Pc
Transcendental Numbers - A Simple Explanation: http://youtu.be/TN1K7unzN2k .
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Complex numbers

ICAM O1 - ALEJANDRO ALJURE (^62)

Types of Numbers: Natural, Integers, Rational, Irrational, and Real Numbers The different types of numbers are explained in this video in an easy to understand way. Download my notes in the video: https://www.dropbox.com/s/k23v4be4z2yk57j/25%20-%20Types%20of%20Numbers%2C%20rational%20integers.pdf?dl=0 Related Video: Imaginary Numbers: http://youtu.be/iLGopblJ1Pc Transcendental Numbers - A Simple Explanation: http://youtu.be/TN1K7unzN2k. ------------------------------------------------------ SUBSCRIBE via EMAIL: https://mes.fm/subscribe DONATE! ʕ •ᴥ•ʔ https://mes.fm/donate Like, Subscribe, Favorite, and Comment Below! Follow us on: Official Website: https://MES.fm Steemit: https://steemit.com/@mes Gab: https://gab.ai/matheasysolutions Minds: https://minds.com/matheasysolutions Twitter: https://twitter.com/MathEasySolns Facebook: https://fb.com/MathEasySolutions LinkedIn: https://mes.fm/linkedin Pinterest: https://pinterest.com/MathEasySolns Instagram: https://instagram.com/MathEasySolutions Email me: [email protected] Try our Free Calculators: https://mes.fm/calculators BMI Calculator: https://bmicalculator.mes.fm Grade Calculator: https://gradecalculator.mes.fm Mortgage Calculator: https://mortgagecalculator.mes.fm Percentage Calculator: https://percentagecalculator.mes.fm Try our Free Online Tools: https://mes.fm/tools iPhone and Android Apps: https://mes.fm/mobile-apps

  • Complex numbers Number sets

Complex

2i Imaginary^5 i

  • 3i (^196) i

Complex numbers Imaginary: k i, k ∊ ℝ

Complex number: x + iy, x,y ∊ ℝ.

➢Real numbers are of the form: x + i(0) ℝ ⊂ ℂ

i = − 1 Real part Imaginary part ℂ = {x + iy, x,y ∊ℝ, i = − 1 }

Also written as j

Complex 2i Imaginary^5 i

  • 3i (^169) i

Complex numbers

Fundamental theorem of algebra A polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex roots (including repeated ones)

𝑦^ 𝑦 == 𝑥𝑥^22 −= 20 = 0

𝑦 = 𝑥^2 + 1 = 0

Degree 2 Degree 1

Operations: Complex numbers

Equality: x 1 + iyC 11 = C= x 22 + iy 2 ⇔ x 1 = x 2 , y 1 = y 2

Addition: (x 1 + iyC 1 ) + (x 1 + C 22 + iy 2 ) = (x 1 + x 2 ) + i(y 1 + y 2 )

Multiplication: rC C 1 1 * C = r(x + 2 = (x 1 iy + iy) = 1 rx).(x + i 2 + iy ry 2 ) = (x 1 x 2 - y 1 y 2 ) + i(y 1 x 2 + x 1 y 2 )

C C 12 = x= x 12 + iy+ iy (^12) x 1 ,x 2 , y 1 , y 2 , r ∊ ℝ

Complex numbers

Example: How much is 3 + 4i multiplied by 7 + 11i?

(3 + 4i) * (7 + 11i) = 37 + 311i + 4i7 + 4i11i

= 21 + 33i + 28i + 44i^2

= 21 + 61i + 44(-1)

= - 23 + 61i

Complex numbers The complex plane (or Argand’s plane)

➢ ➢xy--axis: Real partaxis: Imaginary part

To write a number z: 1. 2. As a point (As a vector with componentsx,y) x,y

  1. Point (r,θ)

Which number is greater? z 1 = 3 + 2i ó z 2 = 2 + 4i

𝜃 = tan−^1 𝑦 𝑥 𝑟 𝑟 21 == 2322 ++ 4222 == 2 135 == 34 ,, 4761 𝒓𝟏 < 𝒓𝟐

r is the norm or magnitude, absolute value, modulus

Complex numbers The complex plane (or Argand’s plane)

➢Subtraction (negative sum): 𝑧 𝑧 12 == 𝑥𝑥 12 ++ 𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦 (^12) 𝑧^ 𝑧^1 −^ 𝑧^2 =^ 𝑥^1 −^ 𝑥^2 +^ 𝑖(𝑦^1 −^ 𝑦^2 ) 1 −^ 𝑧 2 =^ 𝑥 1 −^ 𝑥 2 2 +^ 𝑦 1 −^ 𝑦 2 2

JUST LIKE WITH VECTORS !!

➢ Complex numbers Example:

Calculate 31 ++4𝑖2𝑖 and write the solution in the standard form 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦

Complex Conjugate Complex numbers

➢Properties:

𝑧 ∗^ 𝑧 𝑧+ҧ =^ 𝑧 ҧ^ =𝑎^ +𝑎 𝑖𝑏+^ 𝑖𝑏∗^ +𝑎 −𝑎 𝑖𝑏^ − 𝑖𝑏=^ 𝑎=^2 +2𝑎 𝑏^2 (^1) 𝑧 = (^1) 𝑧 ∗ 𝑧 𝑧ҧ ҧ = (^) 𝑧𝑧 ҧ 2

𝐼𝑓 𝑧 = 1 , (^1) 𝑧 = 𝑧ҧ

Real number

  • Polar form Polar form: ➢ ➢𝑅𝑒𝐼𝑚 == 𝑟𝑟 cossin 𝜃𝜃 ➢𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = = 𝑟𝑟 coscos 𝜃 𝜃 + + 𝑖𝑟 𝑖 sinsin 𝜃𝜃
  • Multiplication: ➢𝑧 1 ∗ 𝑧 (^2) = = 𝑟 1 𝑟 (^1) 𝑟 2 coscos 𝜃 𝜃 1 1 + cos 𝑖 sin 𝜃 2 𝜃− (^1) sin∗ 𝑟 𝜃 21 cossin 𝜃𝜃 22 ++ 𝑖𝑖 sinsin 𝜃 𝜃 (^21) cos 𝜃 2 + cos 𝜃 1 sin 𝜃 2

➢𝑧^ =^ 𝑟^1 𝑟^2 cos^ 𝜃^1 +^ 𝜃^2 +^ 𝑖^ sin^ 𝜃^1 +^ 𝜃^2 12 =^ 𝑧 1 ∗^ 𝑧 1 =^ =𝑟 1 𝑟𝑟 112 coscos^ 𝜃 21 𝜃+ 1 𝜃+ (^1) 𝑖+ sin^ 𝑖^ sin 2 𝜃^1 𝜃 1 +^ 𝜃 1 ➢𝑧 1 𝑛^ = 𝑟 1 𝑛^ cos 𝑛𝜃 1 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃 1

= in coordinate notation 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑟 1 𝑟 2 , 𝜃 1 + 𝜃 2 = 𝑟^ =^ 𝑟^12 ,^2 𝜃^1 1 𝑛,^ 𝑛𝜃^1 DeMoivre’s Theorem

Example Polar form : Multiply in polar form:

1. i and (1+i)

2. i and - 3i

  • Polar form Multiplication in polar form: ➢ ➢RotationScaling

➢Example: Show that the product of two negative real numbers is positive

  • Polar form Power series:

cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 1 −^ 𝜃 22! +^ 𝜃 44! −^ 𝜃 66! +^ ⋯^ +^ 𝑖^ 𝜃^ −^ 𝜃 33! +^ 𝜃 55! −^ 𝜃 77! +^ ⋯ = 1 + 𝑖𝜃 − 𝜃 22! − 𝑖 3 𝜃!^3 + 𝜃 44! + 𝑖 5 𝜃!^5 − 𝜃 66! − 𝑖 7 𝜃!^7 + ⋯

= 1 + 𝑖𝜃 + 𝑖 2 𝜃!^2 + 𝑖 3 𝜃!^3 + 𝑖 4 𝜃!^4 + 𝑖 5 𝜃!^5 + 𝑖 6 𝜃!^6 + 𝑖 7 𝜃!^7 + ⋯ = 𝒆𝒊𝜽

𝑒𝑖𝜃^ = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 Euler’s equation

e exponential :i𝜃 -^ behaves like a trueeit (^) differentiates as expected:

    • eeiia⋅^0 e^ = 1ib (^) = ei(a+b)