Subordination markers , Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

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SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

FUNCTIONING AS ADVERBIAL

1. Time clauses

2. Clauses of contrast

3. Clauses of reason and result

4. Clauses of purpose

Subordination markers

There are three ways of marking the

subordinate status of a clause:

1- A SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION :

e.g. if, when, that, because, although.

2- A WH CLAUSE ELEMENT : e.g. what,

who, whoever, which, how.

3- A NON-FINITE PREDICATOR : to

infinitive, -ing and –ed participles.

Time clauses

a)When / as

-As I was walking down the street , I saw my ex-boyfriend.

• I’ll phone you when I know the answer

b)While

• While I was watching TV , the telephone rang. c)As soon as
• I’ll phone you as soon as I know the answer.
• As soon as he had finished studying , he left.

Time clauses

d)Before / after

- The train had left before they got to the

station

- She went to the gym after she had done her

homework.

e)Until

- We were waiting until she arrived

Clauses of contrast

a) Although / even though / though, b) In spite of / despite c) Whereas d) But , however, nevertheless, yet The difference between groups a) and b) is that although / even though / though are followed by a clause (with subject and verb), whereas in spite of and despite are followed by a noun or an –ing participle form.

Clauses of contrast

a) ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH / THOUGH + CLAUSE -Although he didn’t have money, he bought the most expensive car. b) IN SPITE OF / DESPITE + NOUN / -ING FORM -In spite of not having money, he bought the most expensive car.

• Despite the rain , we went out for a walk - In spite of the rain we went out for a walk. Other very common constructions are: in spite of the fact / despite the fact (that) + clause.
• In spite of the fact that it was raining, we went out for a walk.

Clauses of reason

a) because / because of , b) as /since, c) due to, owing to. a) The difference between because and because of is that the former is followed by a clause, whereas the latter is followed by a noun. BECAUSE + CLAUSE -We moved to another city because my father got a new job. BECAUSE OF + NOUN -We moved to another city because of my father’s new job. In this case because of is not a subordinator but a preposition

Clauses of reason

b) As /since ( followed by clause) They normally appear at the beginning of the clause.

• As it is your birthday , I’ll lend you my best clothes. c) due to, owing to (followed by noun). They don’t introduce a clause but a prepositional phrase.
• Due to the traffic I arrived late
• He was kept in after school due to/owing to his bad behaviour

Clauses of result

b ) As a result / therefore

• (^) I failed my English test. Therefore , I took it again in September.
• (^) It was raining very heavily, as a result , he had an accident

In this case we don’t have subordination

because as a result and therefore connect

sentences, they are not subordinators

Clauses of purpose

a) To + infinitive

• I went to the university to talk to one of my teachers. b) In order to / so as to
• I went to the university in order to talk to one of my teachers. (more formal) In negative sentences we use: in order not to /so as not to (or not to alone).
• I hurried so as not to miss the bus / not to miss the bus. c) So that
• I’ll buy you a ball so that you can play football. -Take a map with you so that you don’t get lost.

Coordinating and subordinating

conjunctions

• (^) Coordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
• (^) Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though because, before, by the time, even if, even though, if, in order that, in case, once, only if, provided that, since, so that, than, that, though, till, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while…

Types of adverbial

clauses

Adverbial clause of Eliciting question Subordinating conjunctions Place Time Manner / comparison Reason Purpose Condition Contrast Where? When? How? Why? Why, what for?

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Where, wherever When, before, after, as, While, until, since, whenever As, as if, as though Because, as, since So that, in order that If, unless Although, though