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M.Larsen/ES UNIT 2. THE MORPHEME Exercise 1: Some of the words below contain suffixes. Identify the suffixes by underlining them. a. happiness b. unkind c. freedom d. flowers e. brother f. Blackboard Exercise 2: Some of the words below contain prefixes. Identify the prefixes by underlining them.
a. unable
b. discourage
c. establish
d. receive
e. strawberry
f. amoral
Exercise 3: Identify the stem/root in the words below by underlining it and (ii) state which syntactic category it belongs to. Example: friend-ly; Noun a. lamp-s; noun b. kind-ness; adjective c. hint-ed; verb d. player-s; noun e. editor-s; noun f. grand-father-s; noun Exercise 4: For each of the following bound morphemes, determine whether it is derivational or inflectional and give two words in which it appears: Example: –able: derivational; eatable; readable
a. –ity: derivational; solidarity; responsibility
b. –s: inflectional; parents; brothers
c. un– : inflectional; unfair; undo
d. –ing: derivational; playing, doing
e. –al: derivational; functional; environmental
f. –er: inflectional; faster; slower
g. –ed: inflectional; played; watched
Exercise 5: The component of the morphologically complex words below have been separated by a hyphen (–). Indicate which of these morphemes are bound and which are free and which of the bound morphemes are inflectional and which derivational. Example: hit: free ; –s: bound, inflectional
a. en–courage–ment
b. king: free; –dom: bound, derivational –s: bound, inflectional
c. stud: free –ent: bound, derivational –hood: free
d. anti: bound, inflectional –soviet: free –ism: bound, derivational
e. bi: bound, inflectional –annu: free–al: bound, derivational –ly: bound, derivational
f. read: free –ing: bound, inflectional –s: bound, inflectional
Exercise 6: Divide the following words into the smallest meaningful units and describe how the words are formed, i.e. describe the morphological processes (derivation, inflection) involved. Example: Unhappiness : root: happy +addition of prefix " un -” > unhappy (derivation) / addition of suffix "– ness " > " unhappiness " (derivation)
a. kingdoms root: king + addition of suffix “doms” (inflection)
b. discourages root: courage + addition of prefix “ dis ” (derivation)
c. forgetful root: forget + addition of suffix “ ful ” (inflection)
d. Submitted root: mitted + addition of prefix “ sub ” (derivation)
Exercise 7: Sort the suffixes in the words below according to their class-changing function. The categories include the following: (NOMINAL, VERBAL, ADJECTIVAL, ADVERBIAL SUFFIXES)
a. N>N: kingdom, rhetorician, gangster, stardom, mobster
b. V>N: refusal, trial, participant, inhabitant, conservatism, seizure, closure
c. A>N: idealism, warmth, falsehood, politician, width, likelihood
d. N/A>V: facilitate, broaden, straighten, vaccinate
e. N>A: penniless, friendless, syntactic, selfish, tireless, advisory, historic, thankless, boyish, global
f. V>A: accidental, twofold, manifold, contradictory
g. N/A>Adv: clockwise, stepwise
(There are two examples of each suffix.) broaden syntactic width idealism participant falsehood closure straighten rhetorician clockwise refusal vaccinate gangster stardom warmth tireless twofold trial accidenta l
selfish advisory likelihood friendless politician conservatism mobster kingdom facilitate inhabitant contradictory boyish seizure manifold stepwise thankless global
Reinforcement Re- Inforce -Ment Hypersensitivity Hyper- Sensitivy -Ty Prototypical Proto- Typi -Cal Unfriendliness Un- Friendli -Ness Unforgettable Un- Forget -Able Interdependence Inter- Depend -Ence Impropriety Im- Propie -Ty Monotheism Mono- Theism
Hospitalization, dysfunctional,invisibly ,inconsiderate, uninteresting, postcolonial undercooked unlikelihood transcontinental relationship ungrammatical asymmetrical reinforcement hypersensitivity prototypical unfriendliness unforgettable interdependence impropriety monotheism Exercise 10 : Identify cases of
- inflection
- Derivation
- Inflection and derivation
amoral, readable, boys, boy’s, defrost, kingdom, employer, exwife, insane, asking, greatest, outlive, nationality, girls, syntactic, promising, unproblematic, foreigners, player, maladjusted, contained, essential, enable, father´s, criteria, inexcusable, categories, complexity, psycholinguistics, doing,earlier, modernize, distortion, usually, additional, children’s, systematic, fatalistic, relationship, governmental, greatest, unbeatable, kindness, disobey, cows, globalization
inflection Derivation Inflection and derivation
Boy-s De-frost Ex-wife In-sane Ask-ing Great-est Out-live Girl-s Promis-ing Foreing-er Contain-ed Father-s Categori-es Do-ing
A-moral (prefix) Read-able King-dom Employ-er National-ity Syntac-tic Play-er Essen-tial Complex-ity Modern-ize Addition-al System-atic Fatal-istic Kind-ness
Un-problem-atic Mal-adjust-ed En-able In-excus-able Psycho-linguist-ic-s Dis-tor-tion Relation-ship Govern-ment-al Un-beat-able
Earli-er Usual-ly Children-s Great-est Dis-obey Cow-s
Global-ization
