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Descrive i due tipi di connessione che saldano il discorso insieme, la coerenza e la coesione.
Tipologia: Schemi e mappe concettuali
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One of the most salient phenomena of discourse is the fact that sentences/utterances are linked together (cf. textum , texture).
There are two types of connections that tie discourse together:
Consider the following example:
Whom does the pronoun she refer to? It probably refers to Susan. This is an endophoric connection, which contributes to cohesion.
How do you interpret the sentence/utterance? Probably Mary’s pregnancy was the reason for her to marry. This is an exophoric connection, which creates coherence.
Now take a look at the following example:
The sequence is not cohesive , since no clear connections are made at the level of discourse.
Nevertheless, the sequence is coherent , as the reader/listener can draw plausible conclusions about what happened based on his/her knowledge of the context.
When faced with any stretch of discourse, we expect it to be sufficiently cohesive and coherent. If some connections are missing, we will make an effort to establish them on our own.
Activity : try to reconstitute the original sequence.
Let us now focus on cohesion , that is, the connections that have their manifestation in the discourse.
There are two types of cohesion:
**1. Grammatical cohesion
Substitution Ellipsis Reference Conjunction
Substitution is the replacement of one or more words (typically a noun, a verb, or an entire clause) by a ‘dummy’ word, like in the examples below:
a) “This pen doesn’t work. Give me another one .” b) “You asked me to call them but I haven’t done it yet.” c) “Are they still arguing in there?” - “No, it just seems so .”
The main function of substitution is to make texts more economic and concise by avoiding tedious repetition.
Activity : introduce substitutions where needed.
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or part of a sentence/utterance. It is closely related to substitution (it can actually be described as “substitution by zero”).
a) “These biscuits are stale. Those are fresh.” b) “He participated in the debate, but you didn’t.” c) “Who wants to go shopping? You?”
Reference concerns the grammatical relations between a discourse element and a preceding or following element.
Reference is usually achieved by the use of pronouns:
a) “Mary is Clive’s sister. She is a bit older than him .”
Reference may also be achieved by other means, e.g. definite articles:
b) “Once upon a time there was a wolf who lived in the woods. The wolf was…”
Referential devices are anaphoric if they point backward and cataphoric if they point forward.
a) “John said that he was going to school.”
b) “ This is great, that the teacher gave her a good mark!”
c) “I saw a guy running away. The guy was tall and thin.”
Conjunction concerns the relationships between clauses or between sentences. This is usually achieved by the use of connectives. The most frequent types of conjunction are:
Activity : which types of conjunction are used in these examples?
While grammatical cohesion is based on connections between elements of grammar, lexical cohesion refers to links between content words (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) which are used in subsequent stretches of discourse.
a) “I love cats. In fact, I love all sorts of pets .” b) “Cats can hurt you. Once I was scratched very badly.”
Two types of lexical cohesion can be distinguished: reiteration and collocation.
Reiteration is divided into five types:
