Teoria inglese dell’anno accademico 2023/2024, Appunti di Lingua Inglese

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TEORIA INGLESE

PRESENTAZIONE CORSO

a.a. 2023- Proff. Anna Anselmo, Dario Del Fante, Eleonora Federici

Lezioni di LETTORATO in PRESENZA nei giorni e orari indicati nell'orario pubblicato sul sito del Corso di Studio, a partire da venerdì 13 ottobre Orario:

• Lunedì 10.00 - 12.
• Martedì 10.00 - 12.
• Venerdì 13.00 - 15.
• gruppo B: aula AP2 (tutti i giorni) - lista di 23 persone •gruppo A: aula A12 (tutti i giorni),- cognomi dalla lettera A alla lettera G
• gruppo BB: aula 6 (tutti i giorni) - cognomi dalla lettera H alla lettera N
• gruppo AA: aula C (Lunedì e Martedì) - aula F (Venerdì) - cognomi dalla lettera O alla lettera Z C Non c'è un questionario da compilare per l'iscrizione al lettorato Dato il numero degli studenti e i posti nelle aule NON è consentito il cambio di gruppo. Lezioni teoriche della docente, prof.ssa ANNA ANSELMO in PRESENZA da Ottobre a Novembre:
• martedì ore 13.00-15.00 Aula Magna - Palazzo Turchi di Bagno, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32
• venerdì ore 17.00 - 18.30 Aula Magna Drigo - Dipartimento STUM • Via Paradiso, 12 Le lezioni NON sono registrate, né in streaming A partire dal giorno 13 ottobre, si svolgeranno nelle seguenti giornate:
• 13 ottobre
• 17 ottobre
• 20 ottobre
• 24 ottobre
• 27 ottobre
• 31 ottobre •3 novembre 7 novembre
• 14 novembre
• 17 novembre Lezioni teoriche del docente, prof. DARIO DEL FANTE in PRESENZA da Novembre a Marzo:
• martedì ore 13.00-15.00 Aula Magna - Palazzo Turchi di Bagno, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32 venerdì ore 17.00 - 18.30 Aula Magna Drigo - Dipartimento STUM • Via Paradiso, 12

Listening Spoken Production Spoken Interaction Writing CHE SIGNIFICA B1? Level B1 corresponds to independent users of the language, i.e. those who have the necessary fluency to communicate without effort with native speakers. SKILLS AT B1 LEVEL

• I am able to understand the main points of clear texts in standard language if they are about topics with which I am familiar, whether in work, study or leisure contexts. have a personal interest.
• I can describe experiences, events, wishes and aspirations, as well as briefly justifying my opinions or explaining my plans. LEZIONI TEORICHE •English morphology: types of morphemes;inflectional process of word formation;derivational morphology; word classes and •English syntax: constituent structure, lexical categories, functional categories, verbs and argument structure, unmarked words orders. •Verbs, phrasal verbs; prepositional verbs •Genre analysis •Stylistics: text and discourse; perspectives in narrative fiction; speech and thought representation Come funziona l'esame?
• La verifica finale è scritta e orale (a partire da giugno 2023)|
• Lo studente dovrà dimostrare conoscenze su: lessico e lessicografia
• morfologia
• sintassi
• analisi del discorso
• analisi dei testi
• Prove parziali a dicembre e maggio Scritto •Grammar and vocabulary: 30 domande (risposta multipla/completamento) •Gap fill: 10 domande •Reading comprehension: 10 domande (risposta multipla) •Language Analysis: 5 domande (aperte) •Writing task: 1 domanda’ •Listening: 5 domande (risposta multipla) Parziale Dicembre Grammar & Vocabulary (30 domande)
• Reading (10 domande)

• Writing (1 domanda) Parziale Maggio
• Listening (5 domande)
• Gap fill (10 domande)
• Language Analysis (5 domande)
• Per le esercitazioni linguistiche: C. Latham Koenig, C. Oxenden, J. Lambert, English File Intermediate Digital Gold B1 fourth edition student's book and workbook with key, oxford University Press.
• Per i moduli dei docenti: Ballard, K. (2022). The Frameworks of English: Introducing Language Structures (4th edition). Red Globe Press/Macmillan International. ISBN: 135201307X
• Il Ragazzini 2017 Dizionario inglese-italiano/italiano-inglese, Zanichelli, Bologna (o altro dizionario recente) Oxford Dictionary of English, o altro dizionario monolingue recente
• Una dispensa con materiali autentici verrà fornita durante il corso e resa disponibile su google classroom Avete anche un corso online... B1 English: corso online in autoapprendimento da svolgere in parallelo alle lezioni di lettorato
• Dove: https://sea-el.unife.it/el-dip/course/index.php?categoryid=
• Quando: da l unedì 16 ottobre 2023
• Cosa: le lezioni che vi indicheranno i lettori madrelingua di settimana in settimana WEEK 1(13/10/2023) Why are you here? Let’s work on motivation… Watch the video and answer the question below What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? What is language? Whole eaten the Kate cake greedy has.
• Syntax: greedy Kate/has eaten/the whole cake
• Lexis: the words of the language
• Grammar: the way words are combined into sentences
• Discourse: the way sentences are combined into texts
• Phonology: the sounds and sound patterns of the language

A lot of German tribes try to flood in. Such as the Anglo-Saxon and the Jutes (Iuti).

• What influence did Latin leave behind? Leave some straight roads behind but not much of their Latin language.
• What about Anglo-Saxon?(Give Examples) The Anglo-Saxon vocab was much more useful, as it was mainly words for simple everyday things : like ‘ house’, ‘woman’, ‘loaf’ and ‘werewolf’.
• When did Christianity “hit” Britain? When Anglo-Saxon left Britain and missionaries stole in, bringing with them leaflets about jumble sales and more latin in 59 A.D.
• What was the influence of Latin at this time? People knew some new words from Latin : like ‘martyr’ , ‘ Bishop’ and ‘font’.
• What happened after the Norman Conquest? In 1066, William the Conqueror invaded England bringing new concepts from across the channel like the French language, the Doomsday Book and the duty-free Gauloise multi-pack.
• What was the role of the French after the Conquest? French was the rigueur for all official business: like ‘judge’, ‘jury’ , ‘evidence’ and ‘justice’ , Latin was spoken in Church; but common man were able to speak English.
• What About The Difference Between Cow And Beef? Words like ‘cow’, ‘sheep’ and ‘swine’ became from the english-speaking farmers, while ‘beef’, ‘mutton’ and ‘pork’ come from the french-speaking tops
• When did English Take Over As The Language Of Power? In 1453 after 116 years of war against France, England won. https://youtu.be/H3r9bOkYW9s?si=AtX JKS gDf-I

• 410 AD → the Romans left Britain
• 450 AD → the Anglo-Saxon and the Jutes arrived
• 597 AD → christian missionaries arrived
• 1066 → the Norman conquest (Vikings)
• 1337-1453 → the Hundred Years War
• 1564-1616 →William Shakespeare
• 1611 → the king James’s Bible: a glossary of metaphor and morality for everyone ...and Shakespeare?
• What was Shakespeare's Influence On The English language? (Give examples) He invented over 2.000 new words and expressions, like ‘eyeball’, ‘puppy dog’ and ‘anchovy’, ‘dauntless’, ‘besmirch’, ‘lackluster’ , ‘alligator’ and invented the ‘hob-nob’ (inzuppare i biscotti nel the).
• What changes came about with the King James’s Bible? In 1611 there was a new transcription of the Bible by King James → ‘’all things to all men’’ = the Bible could be read by everyone. King James Bible begat a whole glossary of metaphor and morality tha still shapes the way English is spoken today
• Name at least 2 idioms/proverbs that the King James Bible left behind. ‘’To fight the good fight’’ = do your best, what is morally right ‘’A wolf in sheep’s clothing’’= someone who hides malicious intent under the guise of kindliness Word Classes Words belong to different grammatical categories called word classes:
• Nouns
• Verbs Adverbs
• Adjectives
• Determiners
• Auxiliaries
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
• Numerals
• Particles Word Classes ● Interjections: ouch, phew, wow. .. ● Numerals: cardinal (one,two,three) ordinal (first,second,third) fraction (one-third, two-fourds..) ● Particles: to (to be), not (negative particle)
• How many words are there in a language? The online Oxford English Dictionary (https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/) contains over 600,000 entries (obsolete words included)

• Smaller numbers
• These classes change very slowly and rarely admit new members
• Items in open word classes are also called: lexical words or content words
• Items In closed word classes are also called: grammatical words or function words Items in open word classes:
• Can be disyllabic or polysyllabic
• Roughly two-thirds have Latin, Greek or French origin
• Lower frequency that function words Items in closed word classes:
• Tend tobe monosyllabic
• Have either Old English or Old Norse Origin
• Super high frequency The History of the English Language Part 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOkYW9s&t=8s Watch and answer the questions:
• What is the Royal Society? The Royal Society was founded in 1660 to bring together leading scientific minds of the day and became an international network for practical and philosophical investigation of the physical world ( Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle).
• What was the language of science at first? At first it was Latin.
• What happened to English thanks to the influx of scientific discoveries? Scientists think to speak in english and invented such new words.
• What are some of the new words that came into English in the 17th century? ‘Acid’, ‘gravity’, ‘electricity’, ‘pendulum’, ‘cardiac’ , ‘tonsil’, ‘ovary’, ‘sternum’, ‘penis’ and ‘vagina’ and ‘clitoris’.
• What happened to language after Britain started conquering other countries? A few local words comes in return.
• Which areas of the globe did new words come from? Can you name some examples? ‘Barbecue’, ‘canoe’ , ‘cannibal’ from Caribbean Islands, in India the discover the words: ‘yoga’, ‘commerbund’ and ‘bungalow’, in Africa they picked up words like ‘voodoo’ and ‘zombie’, from Australia English took the word ‘nugget’, ‘boomerang’ and ‘walkabout’ WEEK 3 (24/10/2023) NOUN
• What is the difference between noun and name?

1. Name:

• a word or phrase that refers to or that can refer to a specific person
• a word or phrase that refers to a specific place or thing

• a word or phrase that refers to a type or group of things (https://www.britannica.com/dictionary)
  2. A noun is a member of a syntactic class:
• that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts
• whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a preposition (or postposition)
• most of whose members have inherently determined grammatical gender (in languages which inflect for gender). (https://glossary.sil.org/term/noun) Nouns
• Fundamental in constructing very basic sentence types: SVO (subject, verb, object): cats like fish To my amazement a large cat was sleeping in our garden
• Which are the nouns in this sentence? Can you add the before them?
• Amazement, cat, garden are all common nouns, which, in turn, can be concrete (garden, cat) – they refer to tangible, visible, measurable objects – or abstract (amazement) – they refer to concepts and things with no material existence
• Proper nouns name something unique Lexical Verbs
• Pivotal in the constructions of sentences, verbs are also known as «doing words»
• Verbs refer to actions, but they also refer to states: Jane strolls around the park, where she relaxes and feels content
• How are the verbs in these sentences different from one another?
• Stroll and relax both refer to a physical process (even though stroll is more obviously a «doing word»), while feel refers to a state of mind.
• Stroll and relax are dynamic verbs
• Feel is a stative verb (it refers to states and conditions)
• Lexical verbs can be distinguished from the more «functional» auxiliary verbs AUXILIARIES Ian has finished reading the book, so I can read it next
• Which verb forms can be said to have a specific meaning, finished and read, or has and can?
• Finish, read
• Have and can are auxiliaries. Auxiliaries combine with lexical verbs for various purposes. ADJECTIVE
• Traditionally defined as «describing words», but other words in other classes can be used to describe.
• Adjectives are best classified based on a set of characteristics: - Central adjectives:
• Attributive: what a nice house! – the adjective appears before the noun it qualifies
• Predicative: the house is nice! – the adjective appears after specific verbs called copular verbs (be, appear) and become part of a predicate (copular verb + adjective)

• Possessive → can be independent or dependent
  • Reflexive → pronouns use for emphasis: myself, yourself ● + Generic : one Primary pronouns are a systematic group:
• Number (singular and plural)
• Person (first, second, third)
• Gender: male, female, indeterminate (he, she, it) Other pronouns: WH- PRONOUNS Used to ask questions: who, what, whom, whose, which? RELATIVE PRONOUNS Introduce a relative clause: who, whom, which, that This is the car which I want to buy I spoke to the woman who lives next door CONDITIONAL PRONOUNS Introduce a wh- conditional clause Whatever happens, I’m leaving I’ll have red or blue, whichever is available INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Some, any, none, all, someone, anyone, no one, everyone, somebody,anybody, nobody, everybody, something, anything, nothing, everything
• they do not function as replacements
• either, neither, both, each, enough, much, many, more, most, few, little, several, another. RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS One another, each other DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS This, these, that, those (PERSONAL pronouns and DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns are called deictic: they acquire meaning through extra-linguistic references) NUMERAL PRONOUNS Cardinal and ordinal Pronouns Visual Recap

DETERMINERS

• Determiners shape the meaning of nouns in relation to quantity and specificity.
• all these large sugary doughnuts filled with jam and cream
• NOUN PHRASE:
• it is composed of a head noun (doughnuts)
• All other elements modify the head noun: they either premodify or postmodify it
• Determiners always premodify a noun: all these ... doughnuts
• Determiners can be:
• Predeterminers
• Central determiners
• Postdeterminers Central Determiners (p. 79) Wh-words/enough as determiners/pronouns?
• Which is the best book on French history? pronoun
• Which book did you choose? determiner + noun
• I really have had enough. pronoun
• I really have had e nough greasy chips. determiner + adjective + noun AUXILIARIES
• Primary auxiliaries: have, be, do
• Modal auxiliaries: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must
• Auxiliaries only occur with lexical verbs in sentences
• The 3 primary auxiliaries can also occur as lexical verbs (they have a definite, easy-to-identify meanings of their own)
• Have and be are used as auxiliaries to create aspect: indicating whether or not the action or state of a verb is ongoing or complete. It is about how, not when. MODAL AUXILIARIES
• Modal auxiliaries provide shades of meaning relating to the lexical verb they occur with
• Degree of certainty: epistemic function
• Degree of obligation: deontic function
• Factuality: dynamic function Epistemic Function

1. I will/shall take a holiday in August intention
2. I should manage to take a holiday in August probability 3.I may/might take a holiday in August possibility Deontic function (indicates degree of obligation)
3. Now I've left work, I can/could take a holiday ability
4. My boss said I can/could/may/might take a holiday permission
5. I must/should take a holiday or I'll be exhausted obligation

For each of the following pairs, decide whether the word forms are connected through homonymy (same word form, two different lexemes) or polysemy (same lexeme, more than one meaning): Key Terminology Revision

1. Lexeme
2. Citation form/headword
3. Word class
4. Deictic a."Relating to a word or phrase whose meaning depends on who's talking, they are are talking to, and where b. "A word or sentence which is listed separately in a dictionary with its own definition' c. "A set of words that display the same formal properties" d. "The term used in Linguistics to refer to. a word (a minimal unit of language)| with a distinctive meaning (a semantic. value) and often a specific cultural| different Forms to it.

WEEK 4 (31/10/2023)

A History of Lexicography part 2: the OED and Some Contemporary Perspectives The Oxford English Dictionary: a little history The Oxford English Dictionary: a sample entry The Oxford English Dictionary Historical highlights

1. 1857:a proposal for the compilation of a New English Dictionary.

• The proposal was brought to the Philological Society (a London-based organization for the study of language)
• The new dictionary would aim to completely re-examine the English language from Anglo-Saxon times to now -t. The aim was thus both synchronic and diachronic
• The dictionary was to be based on evidence of words in use
• Herbert Coleridge, Richard Chenevix Trench, Frederick Furnivall were the proponents

2. 1879:Oxford University Press agreed to publish the dictionary. John Murray is appointed new editor.
3. The working method: volunteer readers were to scour English writing/literature in order to find evidence of words in use (i.e. quotations). These were written on «slips» of paper and sent to the editor.
4. 1884: the first part (fascicle) covering A-ant was published.
5. A second editor, Henry Bradley was appointed. Two more followed: William Craigie and Charles Onions
6. 1928: the last fascicle was published. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles came to be known as the Oxford English Dictionary:

• It Contained 10 Volumes,250,000 entries,almost a million quotations
  7. In the 1980s conversion into electronic form began: about 85% of the revision and addition work was carried out by software; the remaining 15% required the critical eye of editors

8. 1989: the second edition was published

The person who compiles dictionaries.

• What happened from 1746 to 1755? The English Dictionary was compiled.
• What happened in 1857? The Oxford English Dictionary was made. (a historical dictionary, recording the changes in a language)
• Why are dictionaries a "hopeless task"? Language keeps changing so dictionaries are the epitome of the human body experience. 7/11/ DICTIONARIES BEFORE THE AGE OF DICTIONARIES A short history of English lexicography
• Watch the video here (00:25 - 03:10): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3r9bOkYW9s&t=8s
• Answer the following questions:
• Who was William Caxton? What did he do and when? William Caxton began to compile glossary during the Middle Age, kinda of the 1st lexicographer.
• Who was Thomas Elyot? Thomas Elyot was the first known author of a Latin-English Dictionary, he was also the first who put the title in English → the first who used the word ‘dictionary’
• What's a "hard word" dictionary? The ‘’hard word’’ dictionary contains the most difficult meaning.
• What was the use of dictionaries according to Cawdrey? For Cawdrey the use of dictionaries are mostly useful for people that don’t know the difficult words → education
• Who was the founder of Modern English Lexicography? Samuel Johnson was the first to include common words and info connected to etymology.
• What innovations did Bailey introduce to English Dictionaries? Nathan Bailey introduce common words, etymology AND pronunciations and colloquialism → like nowadays DAVID CRYSTAL is a linguistic and wrote the ‘’Johnson Dictionary’’ (classroom)

1. What word does Crystal use to call Johnson in the 1sr paragraph? ‘’The Compiler’’
2. What is meant by ‘’idiosyncratic definitions’’? They express Johnson's famous words?
3. Why is Johnson’s definition ‘’oats’’ humorous? ….
4. What is Johnson’s definition of ‘’lexicographer’’ , can you explain it? A ‘’ harmless drudgery’’ and a ‘’writer of dictionaries’’ tha busies himself in tracing the original , and detailing with precision of significant words.
5. What are the 2 dimensions of any dictionary according to Crystal? 1 Coverage ; 2 treatment

6. What views on lexicography does Johnson mention in his ‘’Plan’’ ( 1747) and in his ‘’Preface’’(1755)? …..
7. How does Johnson deal with social and regional variation in the dictionary? Can you offer a couple of examples? ….. WEEK 5 (14/11/2023) The answer of the exercises: CLIPPING means ‘ritaglio’ it consists in eliminating some segments (syllabes) in a word: ● Bro < brother ● Maths < mathematics What about something like singing > singin’? ● this is a change in spelling that does not impact the pronunciation of the word in the least ● it is not the elimination of a syllable, but a mere abbreviation. Other Process employed in English Word Formation:
   1. SHIFTING (sim. change) ● Shifts are where language development results in the change of meaning of the lexical ● A new word is created: it has the same orthography, but an ew meaning. ● Semantic shifts may expand, limit or replace the original meanings of words. ● Examples ● Anglo-Saxon, ‘meat’ meant ‘wild animals’, it means a certain type of food ● ‘deer’ which one meant ‘wild animals’ in general ● ‘pretty’ once meant ‘ingenious’ ● ‘minister’ used to meant ‘servant’ ● ‘lochdown’ : look up the world lockdown and write down the original meaning VS the more recent meaning → the origins is in North America, ‘isolamento per prigionieri’ → and now it belongs to virus https://www.oed.com/dictionary/lockdown_n?tab=meaning_and_use# 79 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lockdown A semantic shift is a process that results in polysemy ( una parola con due o più significati diversi).
   2. BORROWING ● Language borrowed words from each other. Borrowing is the result of language contact. ● Borrowing is one of the most vital and influential process in English word formation ● Examples ● Karaoke → A form of entertainment, originating in Japan (1970s)