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TEORIA INGLESE

PRESENTAZIONE CORSO

a.a. 2023- Proff. Anna Anselmo, Dario Del Fante, Eleonora Federici

Lezioni di LETTORATO in PRESENZA nei giorni e orari indicati nell'orario pubblicato sul sito del Corso di Studio, a partire da venerdì 13 ottobre Orario:

• Lunedì 10.00 - 12.
• Martedì 10.00 - 12.
• Venerdì 13.00 - 15.
• gruppo B: aula AP2 (tutti i giorni) - lista di 23 persone
• gruppo A: aula A12 (tutti i giorni),- cognomi dalla lettera A alla lettera G
• gruppo BB: aula 6 (tutti i giorni) - cognomi dalla lettera H alla lettera N
• gruppo AA: aula C (Lunedì e Martedì) - aula F (Venerdì) - cognomi dalla lettera O alla lettera Z C Non c'è un questionario da compilare per l'iscrizione al lettorato Dato il numero degli studenti e i posti nelle aule NON è consentito il cambio di gruppo. Lezioni teoriche della docente, prof.ssa ANNA ANSELMO in PRESENZA da Ottobre a Novembre:
• martedì ore 13.00-15.00 Aula Magna - Palazzo Turchi di Bagno, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32
• venerdì ore 17.00 - 18.30 Aula Magna Drigo - Dipartimento STUM • Via Paradiso, 12 Le lezioni NON sono registrate, né in streaming A partire dal giorno 13 ottobre, si svolgeranno nelle seguenti giornate:
• 13 ottobre
• 17 ottobre
• 20 ottobre
• 24 ottobre
• 27 ottobre
• 31 ottobre
• 3 novembre 7 novembre
• 14 novembre
• 17 novembre Lezioni teoriche del docente, prof. DARIO DEL FANTE in PRESENZA da Novembre a Marzo:
• martedì ore 13.00-15.00 Aula Magna - Palazzo Turchi di Bagno, Corso Ercole I d'Este, 32 venerdì ore 17.00 - 18.30 Aula Magna Drigo - Dipartimento STUM • Via Paradiso, 12

Listening Spoken Production Spoken Interaction Writing CHE SIGNIFICA B1? Level B1 corresponds to independent users of the language, i.e. those who have the necessary fluency to communicate without effort with native speakers. SKILLS AT B1 LEVEL

• I am able to understand the main points of clear texts in standard language if they are about topics with which I am familiar, whether in work, study or leisure contexts. have a personal interest.
• I can describe experiences, events, wishes and aspirations, as well as briefly justifying my opinions or explaining my plans. LEZIONI TEORICHE
• English morphology: types of morphemes;inflectional process of word formation;derivational morphology; word classes and
• English syntax: constituent structure, lexical categories, functional categories, verbs and argument structure, unmarked words orders.
• Verbs, phrasal verbs; prepositional verbs
• Genre analysis
• Stylistics: text and discourse; perspectives in narrative fiction; speech and thought representation Come funziona l'esame?
• La verifica finale è scritta e orale (a partire da giugno 2023)|
• Lo studente dovrà dimostrare conoscenze su: lessico e lessicografia
• morfologia
• sintassi
• analisi del discorso
• analisi dei testi
• Prove parziali a dicembre e maggio Scritto
• Grammar and vocabulary: 30 domande (risposta multipla/completamento)
• Gap fill: 10 domande
• Reading comprehension: 10 domande (risposta multipla)
• Language Analysis: 5 domande (aperte)
• Writing task: 1 domanda
• Listening: 5 domande (risposta multipla) Parziale Dicembre Grammar & Vocabulary (30 domande)

• Reading (10 domande)

• Grammar: the way words are combined into sentences
• Discourse: the way sentences are combined into texts
• Phonology: the sounds and sound patterns of the language

• Semantics: the study of meaning – but meaning is not an exclusive property of words What is a word?
• ‘’Words are the smallest independent units of language’’
• do not depend on other words → AUTONOMOUS
• can be separated from other units → UNITARY
• can change position → MOBILE
• Example:
• The man looked at the horses.
• ‘’s’’ is the plural marker, dependent on the noun horse to receive meaning
• Horses is a word: can occur in other positions or stand on its own
• Words are thus both independent since they can be separated from other words and move around in sentences, and the smallest units of language since they are the only units of language for which this is possible. LEXIME
• Lexeme/lexical item: a unit of language that represents a single, distinct meaning. The "abstract" form of a word (ex. fly), including all its inflected forms and variations (e.g. flies, flying, flew, flown, etc.)
• Citation forms: the forms of lexemes given in a dictionary lexeme
• Variable lexemes: they change in number, gender, degree, tense → lexical words (nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs)
• Invariable lexemes: they never change > function words (pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions) It includes compound words, idioms and phrasal verbs. Homonyms, homophones, homographs
• Homonyms: lexemes that look the same, sound the same, but have different meanings:
• Sink/sink, wave/wave, ring/ring
• Homophones: lexemes that sound the same, but look different (different spelling) and have different meanings:
• Bear/bare; eight/ate
• Homographs: lexemes that look the same (same spelling), but sound different and have a different meaning:
• Lead/lead week 2 (17/10/2023) Let’s look at a little bit of history of the English Language
• What happened when the Romans left Britain?

• 410 AD → the Romans left Britain
• 450 AD → the Anglo-Saxon and the Jutes arrived
• 597 AD → christian missionaries arrived
• 1066 → the Norman conquest (Vikings)
• 1337-1453 → the Hundred Years War
• 1564-1616 →William Shakespeare
• 1611 → the king James’s Bible: a glossary of metaphor and morality for everyone ...and Shakespeare?
• What was Shakespeare's Influence On The English language? (Give examples) He invented over 2.000 new words and expressions, like ‘eyeball’, ‘puppy dog’ and ‘anchovy’, ‘dauntless’, ‘besmirch’, ‘lackluster’ , ‘alligator’ and invented the ‘hob-nob’ (inzuppare i biscotti nel the).
• What changes came about with the King James’s Bible? In 1611 there was a new transcription of the Bible by King James → ‘’all things to all men’’ = the Bible could be read by everyone. King James Bible begat a whole glossary of metaphor and morality tha still shapes the way English is spoken today
• Name at least 2 idioms/proverbs that the King James Bible left behind. ‘’To fight the good fight’’ = do your best, what is morally right ‘’A wolf in sheep’s clothing’’= someone who hides malicious intent under the guise of kindliness Word Classes Words belong to different grammatical categories called word classes:
• Nouns
• Verbs Adverb s
• Adjectives
• Determiners
• Auxiliaries
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
• Numerals
• Particles Word Classes ● Interjections: ouch, phew, wow. .. ● Numerals: cardinal (one,two,three) ordinal (first,second,third) fraction (one-third, two-fourds..) ● Particles: to (to be), not (negative particle)
• How many words are there in a language? The online Oxford English Dictionary

(https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/) contains over 600,000 entries (obsolete words included)

• Smaller numbers
• These classes change very slowly and rarely admit new members
• Items in open word classes are also called: lexical words or content words
• Items In closed word classes are also called: grammatical words or function words Items in open word classes:
• Can be disyllabic or polysyllabic
• Roughly two-thirds have Latin, Greek or French origin
• Lower frequency that function words Items in closed word classes:
• Tend tobe monosyllabic
• Have either Old English or Old Norse Origin
• Super high frequency The History of the English Language Part 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=H3r9bOkYW9s&t=8s Watch and answer the questions:
• What is the Royal Society? The Royal Society was founded in 1660 to bring together leading scientific minds of the day and became an international network for practical and philosophical investigation of the physical world ( Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle).
• What was the language of science at first? At first it was Latin.
• What happened to English thanks to the influx of scientific discoveries? Scientists think to speak in english and invented such new words.
• What are some of the new words that came into English in the 17th century? ‘Acid’, ‘gravity’, ‘electricity’, ‘pendulum’, ‘cardiac’ , ‘tonsil’, ‘ovary’, ‘sternum’, ‘penis’ and ‘vagina’ and ‘clitoris’.
• What happened to language after Britain started conquering other countries? A few local words comes in return.
• Which areas of the globe did new words come from? Can you name some examples? ‘Barbecue’, ‘canoe’ , ‘cannibal’ from Caribbean Islands, in India the discover the words: ‘yoga’, ‘commerbund’ and ‘bungalow’, in Africa they picked up words like ‘voodoo’ and ‘zombie’, from Australia English took the word ‘nugget’, ‘boomerang’ and ‘walkabout’ WEEK 3 (24/10/2023) NOUN
• What is the difference between noun and name?

1. Name:

• a word or phrase that refers to or that can refer to a specific person

• a word or phrase that refers to a specific place or thing

• Predicative: the house is nice! – the adjective appears after specific verbs called copular verbs (be, appear) and become part of a predicate (copular verb + adjective)

• Some adjectives can only appear in an attributive or predicative position: the main entrance; the child is afraid
• Gradable: it is possible to indicate the degree – a person can be fairly lucky or very lucky ADVERBS
• They have a describing purpose (much like adjectives)
• They provide information on how, where, when but they also allow for comment: Fortunately, today the dog has been sitting quietly outside Adverbs can be divided into 3 subclasses:

1. Adjuncts: information about how, when, where and to what extent (adverbs of manner, adverbs of place, adverbs of time, adverbs of degree - intensifiers, wh-words: when, where, how, why)
2. Conjuncts: connect different parts of a sentence to each other and do not add meaning: It looked as if it might rain... They decided to go for a picnic nevertheless
3. Disjuncts: refer to entire sentences and do not add meaning - disjuncts express the speaker's view with reference to the entire sentence or the speaker's «voice» Identify the adverb in the sentence and decide whether it's an adjunct, a conjunct or a disjunct

• The surgeon performed the operation carefully - (adjunct: adverb of manner)
• Where did she fall asleep? - (adjunct - adverb of place)
• She fell asleep outside - (adjunct - adverb of place)
• Obviously, I should have told her what happened - (disjunct - attitude/personal view)
• He probably forgot what to say - (disjunct - attitude/personal view)
• Frankly, I should have told her what happened - (disjunct - voice)
• She wasn't free to go to New York at Christmas and besides she couldn't afford it (conjunct) WEEK 3 (27/10/2023) PRONOUNS
• Primary pronouns: the notional definition of “pronoun” is that “it takes the place of a noun” – this is helpful in some ways and unhelpful in other ways: Michelle decided to accept the exciting new job she was offered Annette left some fresh jam doughnuts on the table and Ashley came in and scoffed them Harriet chose a Kenyan safari but Owen preferred a South African one Paul told me Debra was going to get a new dog this week, but I didn’t really believe it
• What about pronouns such as SOMEBODY and NOTHING? These can be used as grammatical subjects without having to substitute anything else.

• Possessive → can be independent or dependent
  • Reflexive → pronouns use for emphasis: myself, yourself ● + Generic : one Primary pronouns are a systematic group:
• Number (singular and plural)
• Person (first, second, third)
• Gender: male, female, indeterminate (he, she, it) Other pronouns: WH- PRONOUNS Used to ask questions: who, what, whom, whose, which? RELATIVE PRONOUNS Introduce a relative clause: who, whom, which, that This is the car which I want to buy I spoke to the woman who lives next door CONDITIONAL PRONOUNS Introduce a wh- conditional clause Whatever happens, I’m leaving I’ll have red or blue, whichever is available INDEFINITE PRONOUNS Some, any, none, all, someone, anyone, no one, everyone, somebody,anybody, nobody, everybody, something, anything, nothing, everything
• they do not function as replacements
• either, neither, both, each, enough, much, many, more, most, few, little, several, another. One another, each other This, these, that, those

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

(PERSONAL pronouns and DEMONSTRATIVE pronouns are called deictic: they acquire meaning through extra-linguistic references) NUMERAL PRONOUNS Cardinal and ordinal Pronouns Visual Recap

DETERMINERS

• Determiners shape the meaning of nouns in relation to quantity and specificity.
• all these large sugary doughnuts filled with jam and cream
• NOUN PHRASE:
• it is composed of a head noun (doughnuts)
• All other elements modify the head noun: they either premodify or postmodify it
• Determiners always premodify a noun: all these ... doughnuts
• Determiners can be:
• Predeterminers
• Central determiners
• Postdeterminers Central Determiners (p. 79) Wh-words/enough as determiners/pronouns?
• Which is the best book on French history? pronoun
• Which book did you choose? determiner + noun
• I really have had enough. pronoun
• I really have had e nough greasy chips. determiner + adjective + noun AUXILIARIES
• Primary auxiliaries: have, be, do
• Modal auxiliaries: can, could, shall, should, will, would, may, might, must
• Auxiliaries only occur with lexical verbs in sentences
• The 3 primary auxiliaries can also occur as lexical verbs (they have a definite, easy-to-identify meanings of their own) - Have and be are used as auxiliaries to create aspect: indicating whether or not the action or state of a verb is ongoing or complete. It is about how, not when. MODAL AUXILIARIES
• Modal auxiliaries provide shades of meaning relating to the lexical verb they occur with - Degree of certainty: epistemic function - Degree of obligation: deontic function - Factuality: dynamic function Epistemic Function

1. I will/shall take a holiday in August intention
2. I should manage to take a holiday in August probability 3.I may/might take a holiday in August possibility Deontic function (indicates degree of obligation)
3. Now I've left work, I can/could take a holiday ability
4. My boss said I can/could/may/might take a holiday permission
5. I must/should take a holiday or I'll be exhausted obligation