6.1.Material Complementar - Marine and Offshore Structures - engenharia offshore

q2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Pré-visualização parcial do texto

Baixe 6.1.Material Complementar - Marine and Offshore Structures e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Engenharia Civil, somente na Docsity!

To the great pioneers in Marine and Offshore Construction who were

undeterred by violent storms and massive ice.

Preface

This third editon has been intensively augmented and revised to include the latest developments in this rapidly expanding field. The intensified search for oil and gas, the catastrophic flooding of coastal regions and the demands for transportation, bridges, sub- merged tunnels and waterways have led to the continuing innovation of new technology which is now available for use on more conventional projects as well as those at the frontiers. This text is intended as a guide and reference for practicing engineers and constructors for use in the marine environment. It is also intended as a text for graduate engineering students interested in this highly challenging endeavour.

Author

Ben C. Gerwick, Jr. is the author of Construction of Prestressed Concrete, first, second, and third editions, and the first and second editions of Construction of Marine and Offshore Structures. He was born in Berkeley, California, in 1919. He received his B.S. in civil engineering from the University of California at Berkeley in 1940. He joined the U.S. Navy the same year and served until 1946. He was assigned as commanding officer of the USS Scania (AK 40) in 1945. He has worked in marine and offshore construction, or taught about it, for most of the time since his discharge from the navy. He worked in Marine Construction from 1946 to 1967 and from 1967 to 1971 in Offshore Construction, ending as President of Ben C. Gerwick, Inc., and Manager of Offshore Construction for Santa Fe International. From 1971 to 1989, he served as Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, the National Academy of Construction, and an honorary member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, which awarded him their Outstanding Engineering Lifetime Achievement Award in 2002. He has been named a fellow of the International Association of Structural and Bridge Engineers and has served as president of the International Federation of Prestressing. He was awarded the Berkeley Fellow Medal in 1989.

Chapter 1 Physical Environmental Aspects of Marine and

Chapter 14 Other Applications of Marine and Offshore

0.1 General Introduction
0.2 Geography
0.3 Ecological Environment
0.4 Legal Jurisdiction.................................................................................................................
0.5 Offshore Construction Relationships and Sequences....................................................
0.6 Typical Marine Structures and Contracts........................................................................
0.7 Interaction of Design and Construction
1.1 General Offshore Construction
1.2 Distances and Depths
1.3 Hydrostatic Pressure and Buoyancy
1.4 Temperature
1.5 Seawater and Sea–Air Interface Chemistry
- 1.5.1 Marine Organisms
1.6 Currents
1.7 Waves and Swells
1.8 Winds and Storms
1.9 Tides and Storm Surges....................................................................................................
1.10 Rain, Snow, Fog, Spray, Atmospheric Icing, and Lightning
1.11 Sea Ice and Icebergs
1.12 Seismicity, Seaquakes, and Tsunamis.............................................................................
1.13 Floods
1.14 Scour
1.15 Siltation and Bed Loads
1.16 Sabotage and Terrorism....................................................................................................
1.17 Ship Traffic
1.18 Fire and Smoke
1.19 Accidental Events..............................................................................................................
1.20 Global Warming.................................................................................................................
2.1 General Chapter 2 Geotechnical Aspects: Seafloor and Marine Soils
2.2 Dense Sands
2.3 Liquefaction of Soils..........................................................................................................
2.4 Calcareous Sands...............................................................................................................
2.5 Glacial Till and Boulders on Seafloor.............................................................................
2.6 Overconsolidated Silts
2.7 Subsea Permafrost and Clathrates..................................................................................
2.8 Weak Arctic Silts and Clays.............................................................................................
2.9 Ice Scour and Pingos.........................................................................................................
2.10 Methane Gas.......................................................................................................................
2.11 Muds and Clays................................................................................................................. - 2.11.1 Underwater Slopes in Clays - 2.11.2 Pile Driving “Set-Up” - 2.11.3 Short-Term Bearing Strength - 2.11.4 Dredging - 2.11.5 Sampling - 2.11.6 Penetration - 2.11.7 Consolidation of Clays; Improvement in Strength
2.12 Coral and Similar Biogenic Soils; Cemented Soils, Cap Rock
2.13 Unconsolidated Sands
2.14 Underwater Sand Dunes (“Megadunes”)
2.15 Bedrock Outcrops..............................................................................................................
2.16 Cobbles................................................................................................................................
2.17 Deep Gravel Deposits
2.18 Seafloor Oozes....................................................................................................................
2.19 Seafloor Instability and Slumping; Turbidity Currents...............................................
2.20 Scour and Erosion
2.21 Concluding Remarks
3.1 General Chapter 3 Ecological and Societal Impacts of Marine Construction
3.2 Oil and Petroleum Products
3.3 Toxic Chemicals
3.4 Contaminated Soils
3.5 Construction Wastes..........................................................................................................
3.6 Turbidity
3.7 Sediment Transport, Scour, and Erosion
3.8 Air Pollution.......................................................................................................................
3.9 Marine Life: Mammals and Birds, Fish, and Other Biota
3.10 Aquifers...............................................................................................................................
3.11 Noise
3.12 Highway, Rail, Barge, and Air Traffic
3.13 Protection of Existing Structures
3.14 Liquefaction........................................................................................................................
3.15 Safety of the Public and Third-Party Vessels................................................................
3.16 Archaeological Concerns
4.1 General Chapter 4 Materials and Fabrication for Marine Structures
4.2 Steel Structures for the Marine Environment
- 4.2.1 Steel Materials
- 4.2.2 Fabrication and Welding
- 4.2.3 Erection of Structural Steel
- 4.2.4 Coatings and Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures..................................
- 4.2.5 High Performance Steels
4.3 Structural Concrete
- 4.3.1 General
- 4.3.2 Concrete Mixes and Properties
  - 4.3.2.1 High Performance Concrete— “Flowing Concrete”
  - 4.3.2.2 Structural Low-Density Concrete......................................................
  - 4.3.2.3 Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC).....................................
- 4.3.3 Conveyance and Placement of Concrete
- 4.3.4 Curing.....................................................................................................................
- 4.3.5 Steel Reinforcement..............................................................................................
- 4.3.6 Prestressing Tendons and Accessories............................................................
- 4.3.7 Embedments........................................................................................................
- 4.3.8 Coatings for Marine Concrete
- 4.3.9 Construction Joints.............................................................................................
- 4.3.10 Forming and Support
- 4.3.11 Tolerances............................................................................................................
4.4 Hybrid Steel–Concrete Structures.................................................................................
- 4.4.1 Hybrid Structures...............................................................................................
- 4.4.2 Composite Construction....................................................................................
4.5 Plastics and Synthetic Materials, Composites
4.6 Titanium
4.7 Rock, Sand, and Asphaltic-Bituminous Materials
5.1 General Chapter 5 Marine and Offshore Construction Equipment
5.2 Basic Motions in a Seaway.............................................................................................
5.3 Buoyancy, Draft, and Freeboard
5.4 Stability..............................................................................................................................
5.5 Damage Control...............................................................................................................
5.6 Barges
5.7 Crane Barges
5.8 Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving)
5.9 Semisubmersible Barges.................................................................................................
5.10 Jack-Up Construction Barges.........................................................................................
5.11 Launch Barges
5.12 Catamaran Barges
5.13 Dredges
5.14 Pipe-Laying Barges
5.15 Supply Boats.....................................................................................................................
5.16 Anchor-Handling Boats..................................................................................................
5.17 Towboats
5.18 Drilling Vessels
5.19 Crew Boats........................................................................................................................
5.20 Floating Concrete Plant
5.21 Tower Cranes
5.22 Specialized Equipment
6.1 Towing............................................................................................................................... Chapter 6 Marine Operations
6.2 Moorings and Anchors...................................................................................................
- 6.2.1 Mooring Lines - 6.2.2 Anchors - 6.2.2.1 Drag Anchors - 6.2.2.2 Pile Anchors........................................................................................ - 6.2.2.3 Propellant Anchors............................................................................ - 6.2.2.4 Suction Anchors - 6.2.2.5 Driven-Plate Anchors........................................................................
  - 6.2.3 Mooring Systems
6.3 Handling Heavy Loads at Sea....................................................................................... - 6.3.1 General
6.4 Personnel Transfer at Sea
- Remote-Operated Vehicles (ROVs), and Manipulators 6.5 Underwater Intervention, Diving, Underwater Work Systems, - 6.5.1 Diving................................................................................................................... - 6.5.2 Remote-Operated Vehicles (ROVs).................................................................. - 6.5.3 Manipulators
6.6 Underwater Concreting and Grouting - 6.6.1 General - 6.6.2 Underwater Concrete Mixes............................................................................. - 6.6.3 Placement of Tremie Concrete.......................................................................... - 6.6.4 Special Admixtures for Concreting Underwater - 6.6.5 Grout-Intruded Aggregate - 6.6.6 Pumped Concrete and Mortar - 6.6.7 Underbase Grout - Jacket Legs 6.6.8 Grout for Transfer of Forces from Piles to Sleeves and - 6.6.9 Low-Strength Underwater Concrete - 6.6.10 Summary............................................................................................................
6.7 Offshore Surveying, Navigation, and Seafloor Surveys............................................
6.8 Temporary Buoyancy Augmentation...........................................................................
7.1 General Chapter 7 Seafloor Modifications and Improvements
7.2 Controls for Grade and Position................................................................................... - 7.2.1 Determination of Existing Conditions.............................................................
7.3 Seafloor Dredging, Obstruction Removal, and Leveling..........................................
7.4 Dredging and Removal of Hard Material and Rock
7.5 Placement of Underwater Fills......................................................................................
7.6 Consolidation and Strengthening of Weak Soils........................................................
7.7 Prevention of Liquefaction.............................................................................................
7.8 Scour Protection...............................................................................................................
7.9 Concluding Remarks
8.1 General Chapter 8 Installation of Piles in Marine and Offshore Structure
8.2 Fabrication of Tubular Steel Piles
8.3 Transportation of Piling..................................................................................................
8.4 Installing Piles..................................................................................................................
8.5 Methods of Increasing Penetration...............................................................................
8.6 Insert Piles
8.7 Anchoring into Rock or Hardpan.................................................................................
8.8 Testing High Capacity Piles...........................................................................................
8.9 Steel H Piles......................................................................................................................
8.10 Enhancing Stiffness and Capacity of Piles
8.11 Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Piles.............................................................................
8.12 Handling and Positioning of Piles for Offshore Terminals
8.13 Drilled and Grouted Piles
8.14 Cast-in-Drilled-Hole Piles, Drilled Shafts
8.15 Other Installation Experience
8.16 Installation in Difficult Soils
8.17 Other Methods of Improving the Capacity of Driven Piles.....................................
8.18 Slurry Walls, Secant Walls, and Tangent Walls
8.19 Steel Sheet Piles
8.20 Vibratory Pile Hammers.................................................................................................
8.21 Micropiles
9.1 General Chapter 9 Harbor, River, and Estuary Structures
9.2 Harbor Structures
- 9.2.1 Types.....................................................................................................................
- 9.2.2 Pile-Supported Structures
  - 9.2.2.1 Steel Piles
  - 9.2.2.2 Concrete Piles
  - 9.2.2.3 Installation
  - 9.2.2.4 Batter (Raker) Piles
  - 9.2.2.5 Pile Location
  - 9.2.2.6 Jetting....................................................................................................
  - 9.2.2.7 Driving Through Obstructions or Very Hard Material
  - 9.2.2.8 Staying of Piles....................................................................................
  - 9.2.2.9 Head Connections
  - 9.2.2.10 Concrete Deck
  - 9.2.2.11 Fender System
- 9.2.3 Bulkheads, Quay Walls......................................................................................
  - 9.2.3.1 Description...........................................................................................
  - 9.2.3.2 Sheet Pile Bulkheads
  - 9.2.3.3 Caisson Quay Walls............................................................................
9.3 River Structures
- 9.3.1 Description
- 9.3.2 Sheet Pile Cellular Structures
- 9.3.3 “Lift-In” Precast Concrete Shells—“In-the-Wet” Construction
- 9.3.4 Float-In Concrete Structures
  - 9.3.4.1 General
  - 9.3.4.2 Prefabrication
  - 9.3.4.3 Launching
  - 9.3.4.4 Installation
  - 9.3.4.5 Leveling Pads
  - 9.3.4.6 Underfill
9.4 Foundations for Overwater Bridge Piers
- 9.4.1 General
- 9.4.2 Open Caissons
- 9.4.3 Pneumatic Caissons
- 9.4.4 Gravity-Base Caissons (Box Caissons)
- 9.4.5 Pile-Supported Box Caissons............................................................................
- 9.4.6 Large-Diameter Tubular Piles - 9.4.6.1 Steel Tubular Piles - 9.4.6.2 Prestressed Concrete Tubular Piles..................................................
- 9.4.7 Connection of Piles to Footing Block (Pile Cap)
- 9.4.8 CIDH Drilled Shafts (Piles)...............................................................................
- 9.4.9 Cofferdams........................................................................................................... - 9.4.9.1 Steel Sheet Pile Cofferdams............................................................... - 9.4.9.2 Liquefaction During Cofferdam Construction............................... - 9.4.9.3 Cofferdams on Slope - 9.4.9.4 Deep Cofferdams - 9.4.9.5 Portable Cofferdams...........................................................................
- 9.4.10 Protective Structures for Bridge Piers............................................................
- 9.4.11 Belled Piers
9.5 Submerged Prefabricated Tunnels (Tubes)..................................................................
- 9.5.1 Description
- 9.5.2 Prefabrication of Steel–Concrete Composite Tunnel Segments
- 9.5.3 Prefabrication of All-Concrete Tube Segments..............................................
- 9.5.4 Preparation of Trench
- 9.5.5 Installing the Segments
- 9.5.6 Underfill and Backfill.........................................................................................
- 9.5.7 Portal Connections
- 9.5.8 Pile-Supported Tunnels
- 9.5.9 Submerged Floating Tunnels............................................................................
9.6 Storm Surge Barriers.......................................................................................................
- 9.6.1 Description
- 9.6.2 Venice Storm Surge Barrier...............................................................................
- 9.6.3 Oosterschelde Storm Surge Barrier
9.7 Flow-Control Structures
- 9.7.1 Description
- 9.7.2 Temperature Control Devices...........................................................................
10.1 General Chapter 10 Coastal Structures
10.2 Ocean Outfalls and Intakes..........................................................................................
10.3 Breakwaters - 10.3.1 General.............................................................................................................. - 10.3.2 Rubble-Mound Breakwaters - 10.3.3 Caisson-Type Breakwaters and Caisson-Retained Islands - 10.3.4 Sheet Pile Cellular Breakwaters....................................................................
10.4 Offshore Terminals
11.1 General Chapter 11 Offshore Platforms: Steel Jackets and Pin Piles
11.2 Fabrication of Steel Jackets...........................................................................................
11.3 Load-Out, Tie-Down, and Transport..........................................................................
11.4 Removal of Jacket from Transport Barge; Lifting; Launching
11.5 Upending of Jacket
11.6 Installation on the Seafloor
11.7 Pile and Conductor Installation
11.8 Deck Installation
11.9 Examples
- 11.9.1 Example 1—Hondo
- 11.9.2 Example 2—Cognac........................................................................................
- 11.9.3 Example 3—Cerveza
12.1 General Chapter 12 Concrete Offshore Platforms: Gravity-Base Structures
12.2 Stages of Construction
- 12.2.1 Stage 1—Construction Basin
- 12.2.2 Stage 2—Construction of Base Raft
- 12.2.3 Stage 3—Float-Out
- 12.2.4 Stage 4—Mooring at Deep-Water Construction Site
- 12.2.5 Stage 5—Construction at Deep-Water Site
- 12.2.6 Stage 6—Shaft Construction
- 12.2.7 Stage 7—Towing to Deep-Water Mating Site
- 12.2.8 Stage 8—Construction of Deck Structure
- 12.2.9 Stage 9—Deck Transport
- 12.2.10 Stage 10—Submergence of Substructure for Deck Mating
- 12.2.11 Stage 11—Deck Mating
- 12.2.12 Stage 12—Hookup
- 12.2.13 Stage 13—Towing to Installation Site
- 12.2.14 Stage 14—Installation at Site
- 12.2.15 Stage 15—Installation of Conductors
12.3 Alternative Concepts for Construction......................................................................
12.4 Sub-Base Construction..................................................................................................
12.5 Platform Relocation.......................................................................................................
12.6 Hybrid Concrete-Steel Platforms
13.1 General Chapter 13 Permanently Floating Structures
13.2 Fabrication of Concrete Floating Structures..............................................................
13.3 Concrete Properties of Special Importance to Floating Structures
13.4 Construction and Launching
13.5 Floating Concrete Bridges............................................................................................
13.6 Floating Tunnels
13.7 Semi-Submersibles
13.8 Barges
13.9 Floating Airfields...........................................................................................................
13.10 Structures for Permanently Floating Service
13.11 Marinas............................................................................................................................
13.12 Piers for Berthing Large Ships
13.13 Floating Breakwaters
13.14 Mating Afloat
14.1 General Construction Technology
14.2 Single-Point Moorings
14.3 Articulated Columns.....................................................................................................
14.4 Seafloor Templates
14.5 Underwater Oil Storage Vessels..................................................................................
14.6 Cable Arrays, Moored Buoys, and Seafloor Deployment
14.7 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
14.8 Offshore Export and Import Terminals for Cryogenic Gas—LNG and LPG......
- 14.8.1 General..............................................................................................................
14.9 Offshore Wind-Power Foundations............................................................................
14.10 Wave-Power Structures
14.11 Tidal Power Stations
14.12 Barrier Walls...................................................................................................................
14.13 Breakwaters
15.1 General Chapter 15 Installation of Submarine Pipelines
15.2 Conventional S-Lay Barge............................................................................................
15.3 Bottom-Pull Method......................................................................................................
15.4 Reel Barge
15.5 Surface Float
15.6 Controlled Underwater Flotation (Controlled Subsurface Float)..........................
15.7 Controlled Above-Bottom Pull....................................................................................
15.8 J-Tube Method from Platform
15.9 J-Lay from Barge............................................................................................................
15.10 S-Curve with Collapsible Floats
15.11 Bundled Pipes
15.12 Directional Drilling (Horizontal Drilling)
15.13 Laying Under Ice...........................................................................................................
15.14 Protection of Pipelines: Burial and Covering with Rock
15.15 Support of Pipelines......................................................................................................
15.16 Cryogenic Pipelines for LNG and LPG
16.1 Submarine Pipelines of Composite Materials and Plastics Chapter 16 Plastic and Composite Pipelines and Cables
- 16.1.1 High Density Polyethylene Pipelines
- 16.1.2 Fiber-Reinforced Glass Pipes
- 16.1.3 Composite Flexible Pipelines and Risers
16.2 Cable Laying
17.1 General Chapter 17 Topside Installation
17.2 Module Erection

6.1.Material Complementar - Marine and Offshore Structures, Notas de estudo de Engenharia Civil

Documentos relacionados

Pré-visualização parcial do texto

Baixe 6.1.Material Complementar - Marine and Offshore Structures e outras Notas de estudo em PDF para Engenharia Civil, somente na Docsity!

Preface

Author

Contents