Python logica de programacao, Esquemas de Matérias técnicas

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a programming language

changes the world

TM

python

Case Studies & Success Stories

Vol. I

2nd Edition

Turbocharged

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DESKTOP MOBILE RELEASES ADD-ONS SUPPORT ABOUT

The Web

«The Python programming language supports many programming

paradigms and can be put to productive use virtually anywhere. What’s

more, Python is not restricted to the web. For example, we also use

Python for our packaging and build systems.

The Python ecosystem is very rich and well-developed. Our developers

can incorporate existing libraries into their projects and only need to

develop the new functions that they need.

Python’s concise syntax is simple and yet highly productive. This means

that new developers can very quickly get involved in our projects, even if

they are not yet familiar with Python.»

The Mozilla Corporation, manufacturer

of the Firefox web browser and Thunder-

bird e-mail client, is impressed with

Python and uses the language for its web

services. The addon.mozilla.org and

support.mozilla.com websites and the

Socorro crash-reporting system are

based on Django and Python.

Firefox Sync Server The Firefox Sync Server, which is used to synchronize bookmarks, browsing histories, passwords, and open tabs on different computers and mobile devices, was also written in Python.

Tarek Ziadé – member of the Mozilla

Service Team, on the reasons for success.

Python impresses Mozilla

>>> import success

Less Code is Better

A task that requires an average of twenty lines

of code in C and seven in Java can often be

done with just one line in Python.

Bitly is a URL shortener and analytics service based

in New York City, handling hundreds of millions of

events per day. The majority of the code is written

in Python. Python scales well and means that the

shortener really can do it large.

Bitly shortens approximately 80 million new URLs per day and handles hundreds of millions of clicks on those URLs. Bitly chose Python for its ability to develop rapidly, and for its vast standard library. The company also makes extensive use of Python’s numerical computing frameworks. Python serves all user-facing pages as well as a large portion of public API traffic. Additionally, Python does the heavy lifting for all asynchronous work in the backend systems. All of bitly’s internal APIs are written or prototyped in Python.

«Python is fast enough for our site and allows us

to produce maintainable features in record times,

with a minimum of developers.»

Cuong Do – Software Architect, YouTube.com

Tailor-made for

Web Applications

The Python programming language is tailor-made to perform new tasks on the World Wide Web. Frameworks and application servers such as Zope, Django, Turbogears and Pylons have enabled small start-ups to implement new services and business models on the Internet. Quickly, securely and with built-in scalability.

«Python has been an important part of Google since the begin-

ning and remains so as the system grows and evolves. Today

dozens of Google engineers use Python, and we’re looking for

more people with skills in this language.»

Peter Norvig – Director of Research at Google Inc

How a Shortener

goes Large

Powered by Python

It is easy enough to work out what this means for a code base consisting of several thousand lines of code. Huge amounts of time can be saved in the development and long-term maintenance of Python programs. With every line of code that can be left out, a possible source of error is also avoided. “

New developers learn to use the leaner code base much more quickly. ”

In 1998, a small company from California, with the help of the

Python programming language, changed the way we search for

relevant information on the Internet. The company had an

unusual-sounding name: Google.

Twelve years on, this name is valued at 111 billion* US dollars, making it one of the most valuable brands in the world. Thanks to its innovative products, Google has quickly risen to its position as a market-leading online information provider.

«Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and

make it universally accessible and useful.»

It is safe to assume that without Python, the World Wide Web would not exist in its present form. Not only Google, but also many other companies and open-source com- munities have changed the web, and with it our lives, using Python. *Millward Brown BrandZ Study 2011

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Esri and ArcGIS

Mapping Knowledge with Python

To help their users, Esri, leading provider of GIS solutions, created a Python module for their ArcGIS system called ArcPy. Python was chosen for its ease of use, extensibility, readability, openness and power. Now, professionals and programmers from nearly any discipline can incorporate their work and

methods into ArcGIS. Python has become the langua- ge for data analysis, conversion, and management, which in turn is increasing the productivity of Ar- cGIS users, as well expanding the use of ArcGIS into new markets.

Increasing Productivity

GIS application developers also benefit from ArcPy. They can rapidly prototype and test scripts in an interactive environment, scale applications to meet demand, and port applications across platforms.

«Esri users range from veterans who have been using GIS through several generations

of our platform to young people educated in the latest software approaches. Using

Python as our core scripting language lets us reach everyone, whether to build a

simple repeatable workflow or conduct complex GIS analysis.»

Jack Dangermond – President, Esri

Scientists, thought leaders, and innovators, includ-

ing commercial and government workforces, are

increasingly sharing their knowledge using geo-

graphic information systems (GIS) to better under-

stand problems and make better decisions.

Solutions to many problems have already been devised by other developers. Extensive online documentation, numerous books, forums, and mailing lists, and also congresses and conferences across the globe make it easy to learn this fascinating programming language.

“

The Python community … an extended workbench of a company's own IT department… ”

DataVisualisation with the kartograph.org framework – written in Python and using ESRI shapefiles.

Agile Development

Python is the language of agile

software development.

OpenERP developers need agility to drive the software forward and stay ahead of the competition.

OpenERP is a full-featured enterprise

resource planning suite written in

Python. One of the key strengths of

OpenERP is that it is agile at all levels:

customizations, modularity, and quick

start for newcomers.

These characteristics are beneficial for both customers and developers. Customers need agility to react to changing business needs immediately, and OpenERP developers need agility to drive the software forward and stay ahead of the competi- tion. All of this is possible because of the Python framework upon which OpenERP is based.

Fast-tracking New Professionals to Productivity

Due to the fast growth and high demand for OpenERP, the company has to train integration partners every day, so that they can become pro- ficient and start customer implementations in just one week! Most of them don’t have advanced knowledge of Python when they start, but in just a few hours of training, they can have a new OpenERP module up and running.

OpenERP

It’s all about Agility

«Python played a strategic role in the development of OpenERP. The flexibility of

Python gave us the capability to adapt to market or design decision changes over the

years. It’s very important for large projects as the customer demand evolves very

quickly: five years ago, the best ERPs were three-tier applications with a rich user in-

terface; today you need a web interface to be on the top; tomorrow you will need to

be on mobile or tablet PCs.

Most of our competitors did not succeed in evolving with the market and this is what

makes OpenERP a killer application: we have all the features of seven years of devel-

opment application but with the user interface of recent and cool applications.»

Fabien Pinckaers – OpenERP CEO

Open

ERP

>>> import success

ForecastWatch

Yesterday’s Weather

Tomorrow we will know how accurate yesterday’s

weather forecast was. By then, however, no one is

interested anymore. Or are they?

Improved Quality with Python

Meteorologists would of course like to compare their forecasts with the weather that actually occurred, i.e., with the real measurement data, in order to optimize their calculation models and improve the quality of their forecasts. In the USA, Canada and globally, Python and the web-based system ForecastWatch are used for this purpose.

ForecastWatch is used by The Weather Channel and The Weather Network in Canada, among others. The system collects weather forecasts from a large number of national and international forecasting companies and compares them with actual ob- servations from about 1200 locations around the world. The meteorologists can see aggregated data on temperature, precipitation, wind, and opacity forecasts, presented in a web-based view, and they can filter that data down from a nationwide summary all the way down to individual local forecasts. The entire system is written in Python.

«For ForecastWatch, Python’s power to do a lot with very few

lines of code allowed us to get the ForecastWatch prototype up

in a matter of weeks. And it has allowed us to continue to use

that code as the product has expanded. Having come from C++ and Java, Python’s

interactivity made testing code easy and made trying out new ideas or features painless

and quick. This has allowed us to be nimble in meeting customer needs and to react

quickly when web page formats change or new feeds are added.»

Eric Floehr – Owner of Intellovations and

maker of ForecastWatch

Forecast Watch Accuracy Defined

OQ

OPEN calculate share explorequake

Global Earthquake Model

Calculating the Inconceivable

Over half a million people died in the last decade due to earthquakes, most of these in the

developing world, where risk is increasing due to rapid population growth and urbanization.

Recent earthquakes in Haiti, Japan, New Zealand and Turkey painfully reminded the world of

the destructive impact of seismic events and the importance of the availability of reliable

earthquake risk information.

In many earthquake-prone regions no risk models exist to provide such information. There are also no agreed global standards for risk assessment, which are critical for the effective and unambigu- ous communication of seismic risk and are essen- tial as input for increasing risk awareness and undertaking mitigating action.

For the Benefit of Society

OECD’s Global Science Forum created the opportunity for an initiative to leverage scientific knowledge on earthquake risk for the benefit of

society, worldwide. In January 2009 the Global Earthquake Model (GEM) Foundation started to develop uniform standards, open software and tools for worldwide earthquake risk assessment. Currently hundreds of organizations and individ- uals are working together on the OpenQuake Platform, which is powered by OpenQuake engine, an open source application written in Python which is used by scientists, engineers, government officials, and the financial sector to perform earthquake hazard and risk analysis on a global scale.

«We find Python to be a highly productive language which facilitates rapid prototyping

and the frequent adjustments needed to keep up with the latest user requirements,»

says Lars Butler , one of the chief developers at OpenQuake. «We also find Python to be

an appropriate tool for the job, given the availability of several powerful libraries which

do most of the heavy lifting in our mission-critical components.»

DLR German Aerospace Center

Lift off with Python

SMS Siemag AG

Saving Energy with Python

VAMPzero: Aircraft Conceptual Design with Python

VAMPzero, a Python-based software tool for the conceptual design of aircraft enables DLR to address two main chal- lenges during the conceptual design stage for aircraft: flexibility and trans- parency. As in every design, requirements change during the course of development. The same is especially true for aircraft design and becomes even more important due to the integration of novel tech- nologies. Based on well known handbook

methods the design of new configurations with VAMPzero includes outer geometry as well as structures, engines, systems, mission analysis and costs. VAMPzero supports working in multi-disciplinary and multi- fidelity environments. VAMPzero is the first aircraft conceptual design code that is published as open source. It is available through http://software.dlr.de/.

SMS Siemag AG is one of the leading companies in metallurgical plant and rolling

mill technology. In order to improve the efficiency and environmental impact of its

continuous casting plants, the company is working together with its customers to

devise energy-saving methods of operation, known as “Eco Mode.”

In Eco Mode, generator units not needed for production are automatically shut down or switched to a power-saving stand-by mode. Python-based software is used to measure and record the power consumption of the various consumers so that the reactive and active power of the individual generator units in the different operating modes is logged and evaluated. The most energy-efficient system control, the Eco Mode, is then determined for each operating mode from the data obtained. Eco Mode allows energy savings of up to 7%. The agile programming language allows engineers to make real-time system modifications, collect new data during live operation, or change the evaluation criteria.

The DLR is Germany’s national

research center for aeronautics

and space and describes itself

as one of Germany’s leading

software houses. Around 1 000

employees develop software

for the numerous research

and development projects run

by the DLR.

The DLR mainly uses Python to develop engineering software and tools for knowl- edge management. The DLR also uses a Python-based system called Allura to manage its software development projects.

“

Around 13 000 freely accessible libraries offer a ready-made implemented solution for virtually every conceivable task. ”

>>> import success

Security

Python is a highly stable and secure

programming language.

By the end of 2013, only 142 security-related errors were detected in Python, one tenth of the errors in Java and a fraction of the possible security breaches detected to date in C.

Risk-free programming:

**- No buffer overflows

• No buffer underruns
• No memory leaks
• No stack manipulations
• No memory management errors
• No access violations
• No segmentation faults**

Quantax addresses post-trade risk management for

complex portfolios of financial instruments. It is

currently used on bank trading floors and for profes-

sional asset management in four countries.

There are a number of applications in the risk management domain. They are typically either Excel-based solutions at the low end or solutions developed as complex, multi- layered client-server systems at the high-end, with very little in between. Swisscom IT Services, a provider of professional consulting and expert implementations of IT solutions in the finan- cial sector, decided to build Quantax from the ground up as an object-oriented, web-based application, using tech- nologies in which domain experts can utilize their ex- pertise directly. Python excels at low technical overhead

and is therefore used as the sole programming language in Quantax. Quantax offers broad coverage of financial instruments, ranging from shares to complex credit derivates and exotics, with real-time valuation, position keeping, and risk management. The Python environment and the Zope application server already include many components and can easily be expanded with modules provided by the Python community and ecosystem. Quantax’s total cost of ownership therefore compares very favorably with its high-end competitors.

«Python has a low technical and conceptual

overhead, yet includes everything you need to

build professional applications.»

Martin Gfeller – Swisscom

Swisscom IT Services AG

Quantax Post-Trade Risk Management

>>> import success

Test-driven Development

Python supports modern

test-driven development methods

based on unit tests and integration tests.

Learning to Program

with Python

When Guido van Rossum began to develop the Python

programming language in the 1980s, he worked at

the Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica (CWI) in

Amsterdam (Netherlands) in the ABC Working Group.

ABC was a programming language that had been

designed to teach IT students.

Guido van Rossum took many design concepts from ABC and im- plemented them in Python. This may explain why Python is ideally suited for use as a teaching language in schools and universities. Numerous textbooks have been written for children and young people, proving that even ten-year-olds can be successfully taught the basic concepts of programming.

ExpEYES - Eyes for Science Low Cost Experiments for Young Engineers and Scientists ExpEYES is a portable, expandable, and affordable science laboratory, supporting a wide range of experiments from high school to post- graduate level. It combines the power available from Python for doing scientific computation and data visualization with control via a data acquisition hardware device. Mathematical analysis and visualization of experimental data are done using modules like Scipy, Matplotlib and Tkinter. GUI programs are available for around 50 experiments. ExpEYES can change the way in which science and engineering is taught and encourages the concept of learning by doing. ExpEYES is a part of the PHOENIX project (Physics with Home- made Equipment and Innovative Experiments) started in 2004 by the Inter University Accelerator Centre (IUAC) in India. The software was initially written in C language but shifted to Python. This resulted in two major benefits: writing the GUI code became much easier, and accessing the hardware from inside the Python Interpreter made the development of new experiments much easier. The switch to Python also made training teachers easier. In just a couple of weeks teachers have a sufficient command of Python for productive work.

OLPC: One Laptop per Child

To Empower the World’s

Poorest Children through

Education

Python is involved in one of the world’s most ambitious education projects, the One Laptop per Child project, which was presented by MIT Professor Nicholas Negroponte at the World Economic Summit in Davos in 2005. The aim of the initiative is described on the project website as follows: «We aim to provide each child with a rugged, low-cost, low-power, connected laptop. To this end, we have designed hardware, content and software for collaborative, joyful, and self-em- powered learning. With access to this type of tool, children are engaged in their own education, and learn, share, and create together. They be- come connected to each other, to the world and to a brighter future.»

The successful educational outcome of the project depends entirely on the learning software provided. To make it as simple as possible for teachers and educationalists to develop learning software for the OLPC, the project has relied on Python from the outset. The Sugar user interface, specifically optimized for children, and all application programs were written in Python.

Over 2.5 million children and teachers in 42 countries have XO laptops

Doctests provide Python with a unique tool for embedding tests into the software documentation. With Python, software development can be seamlessly integrated into automated test environments.

Python therefore produces powerful software with unprecedented levels of operational security.

With Python, software testing is as simple as can be, producing powerful software with maximum operational security.

ExpEyes

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The CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) is one of several experiments at the LHC. The goal of the experiment is to answer a number of unresolved key questions in particle physics and in our understanding of the universe at large.

Managing

Petabytes of Data

The detectors create an unprecedented amount of experi- mental data, in the range of multiple petabytes each year. The challenge of analyzing these results not only involves the discovery of new physics, but also has a social aspect: thousands of scientists around the world want to access and analyze these data concurrently. To make this possible, a distributed computing and data storage infrastructure was developed: the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid. More than 34 countries and more than 100 computing centers are involved in this project. New tools needed to be written to handle the management of the data and the associated workflows, and the language of choice for these was Python. «The large functionality available in Python’s library in combination with the flexibil- ity provided by the language itself was the main reason for the choice.» says Dr. Andreas Pfeiffer, CMS. The full system has been up and running since late 2009 when the data collection began and has already handled a few Petabytes of data in total.

Configuring

13 000 Parameters

Every physicist is interested in different data selections and computations, and the C++ based analysis framework can be configured dynamically for this purpose. A typical analysis setup contains over 13000 configurable parameters. To help the physicists in choosing the proper parameter set, a domain specific configuration language was developed. Soon it became apparent that the chosen configuration solution was too inflexible. Every functionality change came with a huge maintenance burden. Looking for alternatives, CERN decided to replace the domain-specific language with Python and a lightweight C++/Python bridge. Overall, the entire process from the strategy decision, an automated translation, up to the eventual deprecation of the old configuration language was finished in less than six months. This new system has been in use for a few years now, and many problems that could not be solved using the previous system are now literally one-liners.

Large Hadron Collider at CERN

Chasing the Higgs Boson

with Python

«Most developers in the CMS experiment are physics students looking

for new physics in the data. Usually they don’t have any formal IT training.

Python allows them to be productive from the very start and to dedicate

most of their time on the research they want to carry out.»

Benedikt Hegner – CERN

It is the largest machine ever built: the Large Hadron

Collider (LHC) at CERN. The ring-shaped particle accelerator

has a circumference of 26.7 km.

In 2012 with the LHC, physicists finally found the first

direct evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson, an

elementary particle predicted by the Standard Model of

particle physics which gives mass to other particles. The

signal was observed in both, the ATLAS and CMS particle

detectors.

>>> import success

Openness and Interoperability

Software development is increasing-

ly focused on the integration of mul-

ti-vendor systems.

This development has boosted Python’s popularity, given that Python is more suitable than virtually any other pro- gramming language for the integration of different systems.

Python runs on all conventional operating systems and is open to databases and protocols of all types. Modules from the extensive software library give access to the hardware and software systems of a wide range of different manufacturers.