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Separation Processes, Notas de estudo de Engenharia Química

evaporation drying Selective removal of components (e.g. pollutants) absorption adsorption extraction Mechanical separations sedimentation centrifugation filtration membrane separation

Tipologia: Notas de estudo

Antes de 2010

Compartilhado em 13/04/2009

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Certificate in Process and Chemical Engineering
PE1803
PE1803
Separation Processes
Separation Processes
Jorge C. Oliveira
Jorge C. Oliveira
Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering
Department of Process Engineering
University College Cork
(021)4902006 • [email protected]
PART b
PART b
(evaporation, drying, absorption, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration,
(evaporation, drying, absorption, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration,
membrane separation, ion-exchange adsorption, solvent extraction)
membrane separation, ion-exchange adsorption, solvent extraction)
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Certificate in Process and Chemical Engineering

PE1803 PE

Separation Processes Separation Processes

Jorge C. OliveiraJorge C. Oliveira

Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering

Department of Process Engineering

University College Cork

 (021) 4902006 •  [email protected]

PART b PART b

(evaporation, drying, absorption, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, (evaporation, drying, absorption, sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration,

membrane separation, ion-exchange adsorption, solvent extraction) membrane separation, ion-exchange adsorption, solvent extraction)

PE1803 – Introduction to Part b

What is it?

What subjects will we cover in this part of the module?

What is the objective?

What can we do with what we will learn?

How is it?

How will we address the subjects?

What will we be doing?

Where do we go from here?

How else to strengthen this knowledge?

What else can we study in this field of interest to us?

PE1803 – Introduction to Part b

Focus only on important issues

The equipment, of course

The crucial concepts

evaporation: boiling point rise, P-T charts/tables
drying: wet bulb temperature, psychrometric charts
extraction, absorption and adsorption: phase equilibrium
sedimentation and centrifugation: terminal velocity
filtration: flow through packed beds
membrane separation: fluid flow, osmotic pressure and gradient

Basic design (mass and energy balances)

PE1803 – Introduction to Part b

What next?

Strengthen engineering analysis capabilities

Study application of functional models to design and

optimisation

Check simulation packages commercially available

Lab work with pilot equipment

YOU MUST CHECK THIS OUT:

http://www.separationprocesses.com/Mainmenu.htm
http://www.epa.gov/ebtpages/treatreatmenttechnologies.html
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/products.html

PE1803 – Evaporation

The removal of water from a liquid by bringing it to

boiling point, until we get a concentrated liquid

We will need to supply heat to warm up to boiling

point (sensible heat), and then to evaporate the

water (latent heat)

Latent heat is 100 to 1000 times higher than

sensible heat

Generally, the amount of heat supplied controls the

amount of water removed

PE1803 – Evaporation

Saturation point:

The boiling Temperature (Tb) is a unique

function of Pressure (Pv)

when pressure is the vapour pressure Pv and
temperature is Tb the liquid is boiling
about 28 mm Hg cause a 1 °C difference in Tb

T (C) (^) P (Pa) P (atm) -10 282.89 0. 0 602.63 0. 5 860.53 0. 10 1211.8 0. 11 1294.7 0. 12 1384.2 0. 13 1477.6 0. 14 1577.6 0. 15 1682.9 0. 20 2307.9 0. 25 3126.3 0. 30 4184.2 0. 37 6193.4 0. 40 7276.3 0. 60 19658 0. 80 46724 0. 95 83421 0. 96 86579 0. 97 89737 0. 98 93026 0. 99 96447 0. 100 100000 1. 101 103684 1. 168 748299 7. 200 1534079 15. 221 2312925 23. 297 4285714 42. 313 8163265 81. 336 13605442 136 368 20408163 204 374 21810884 218 Vapour Pressure / Boiling Temperature 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1. P (atm) T (C)

Separation Processes, Jorge Oliveira Slide 10

X , Y ( e t h a n o l ) T(C) W h a t i s t h e b o i l i n g p o i n t o f p u r e e t h a n o l a n d w a t e r?

PE1803 – Evaporation

If there are other volatiles (alcohol, aromas, ...) the

vapour is a mixture and the boiling temperature

depends on the composition (vice-versa)

water/ethanol
binary phase
diagram

PE1803 – Evaporation

Latent heat depends on temperature Tb (pressure

Pv) and on vapour composition

use weighed average for mixtures, if no data available

T (C) ^ (MJ/kg) 0 2. 20 2. 40 2. 60 2. 80 2. 100 2. Latent heat of vaporization of w ater

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100. T (C)  (MJ/kg)

PE1803 – Evaporation

General schematics of a single-effect evaporator

steam
Feed
water vapour
+ volatiles
concentrated liquid
water

PE1803 – Evaporation

Energy savings: thermo-compression

steam
Feed
water vapour
+ volatiles
concentrate
water

PE1803 – Evaporation

Aroma recovery

steam
Feed
water vapour
+ volatiles
concentrated liquid
water
fractionating
condensation
volatile rich
(higher fraction)
water vapour rich
(lower fraction)

PE1803 – Evaporation

Engineering Design

Calculate energy needs (steam flow rate)

steam pressure and temperature
type of solution (solute, volatiles), concentration required
boiling temperature (from BPR and concentration)
operating pressure (from boiling temperature)
latent heats of vaporisation (from temperatures, vapour
composition and pressures)

PE1803 – Example

0.526 kg/s of skimmed milk evaporated from 10% to

45% solids. Steam available saturated at

atmospheric pressure

cp,dry milk powder = 3.82 kJ / (kg.K)

cp,steam = 1.95 kJ / (kg.K)

cp,water = 4.21 kJ / (kg.K)

Boiling Point Rise for skimmed milk 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60. Concentration (%)  T (C)

Certificate in Process and Chemical Engineering

PE1803 PE

Separation Processes Separation Processes

Jorge C. OliveiraJorge C. Oliveira

Senior Lecturer in Chemical Engineering

Department of Process Engineering

University College Cork

 (021) 4902006 •  [email protected]

DRYING DRYING