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BIO 205 Final Exam Study Guide
1. Vegetative cell: A metabolically active and growing form of a microorganism, as opposed to a dormant or spore form.
2. Sterilization: The process of eliminating or destroying all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, from an object or environment. Example:
Autoclaving surgical instruments.
3. Disinfection: The process of reducing or eliminating most pathogenic microorganisms except bacterial spores on inanimate objects or surfaces. Example:
Using bleach to clean surfaces.
4. Pasteurization: A process of heating liquids like milk or juice to a specific temperature for a set period to kill harmful microorganisms without altering the
product's quality.
5. Autoclave: A device that uses steam under pressure to sterilize medical or laboratory equipment and other items, ettectively killing all microorganisms,
including spores.
6. Antisepsis: The process of reducing or eliminating microorganisms on living tissue to prevent infection. Example: Using alcohol or iodine to clean a
wound.
7. Vehicle: A non-living medium such as water, food, or air that transmits infectious agents to a host. Example: Contaminated water causing cholera.
8. Fomite: An inanimate object that can carry and transmit infectious agents. Example: A doorknob contaminated with a virus.
9. Etiology: The study of the cause or origin of a disease.
10. Syndrome: A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular disease or condition.
11. Remission: A period during which the symptoms of a disease decrease or disappear, though the disease may not be cured.
12. Resident microbiota: The microorganisms that normally reside on or within the human body and are typically harmless or beneficial.
13. Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system in response to an antigen, which binds specifically to that antigen to neutralize or destroy it.
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14. Transient microbiota: Microorganisms that temporarily reside on or within the human body but do not establish permanent residence. Example:
Bacteria on the skin after touching a contaminated surface.
15. Antigen: A substance such as a protein or polysaccharide that triggers an immune response, often by stimulating the production of antibodies.
16. Sodium hypochlorite: Common household bleach; an effective disinfectant. Denatures proteins and disrupts cellular processes by releasing
hypochlorous acid.
17. Glutaraldehyde: used for sterilizing medical equipment. Cross-links proteins and nucleic acids, disrupting microbial enzymes and DNA.
18. Ethylene Oxide: gas used to sterilize surgical instruments and other supplies. Alkylates DNA and proteins, disrupting replication and cellular
function.
19. Alcohols: Denatures proteins and dissolves lipids, disrupting cell membranes. Ethanol or isopropanol
(hand sanitizers).
20. UV Light: Damages the DNA by creation of thymine dimers. Interferes with replication. UV lamps for surface
sterilization.
21. Gamma Rays and Xray: Used for sterilizing medical supplies and food. Ionizing radiation that damages DNA and generates free radicals, leading to
cell death.
22. Bactericidal: Refers to agents that kill bacteria outright. Mechanism of Action: These agents disrupt essential bacterial processes, such as cell wall
synthesis, protein synthesis, or DNA replication, leading to bacterial death.
23. Bacteriostatic: Refers to agents that inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria but do not kill them directly. Mechanism of Action: These
agents interfere with bacterial processes like protein synthesis or metabolic pathways, preventing bacterial multiplication.
24. Fungicidal: Refers to agents that kill fungi outright. Mechanism of Action: These agents disrupt fungal cell membranes or interfere with critical
fungal processes, leading to fungal death.
25. Fungistatic: Refers to agents that inhibit the growth and reproduction of fungi but do not kill them directly. Mechanism of Action: These agents
interfere with fungal processes like cell division or protein synthesis, preventing fungal growth.
4 / Use: Preferred when the specific pathogen is identified, as they minimize disruption to normal microbiota and reduce the risk of resistance.
36. What factors contribute to antibiotic resistance?: Overuse of Antibiotics,
Incomplete Treatment, Misuse of Antibiotics, Agricultural Use, Poor Infection Control, and Global Travel.
37. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?: Mutation, Efflux Pumps, Enzymatic
Destruction, Alteration of Target Sites, Biofilm Formation, and Horizontal Gene Transfer.
38. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics: These antibiotics are ettective against a wide range of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative
species. Examples: Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin.
39. Narrow-Spectrum Antibiotics: These antibiotics are ettective against a specific group of bacteria, either Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
Examples: Penicillin ettective against Gram-positive bacteria, Vancomycin.
40. Overuse of Antibiotics: Excessive or unnecessary use of antibiotics in humans and animals.
41. Incomplete Treatment: Patients not completing the full course of antibiotics, allowing some bacteria to survive and develop resistance.
42. Misuse of Antibiotics: Using antibiotics for viral infections where they are inettective.
43. Agricultural Use: Use of antibiotics in livestock feed to promote growth, which can lead to resistant bacteria.
44. Poor Infection Control: Inadequate hygiene and sanitation in healthcare settings and communities.
45. Global Travel: Spread of resistant bacteria across borders due to increased travel and trade.
46. Mutation: Random genetic mutations can lead to resistance by altering the target site of the antibiotic.
47. Efflux Pumps: Bacteria develop pumps that actively expel the antibiotic from the cell, reducing its ettective- ness.
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48. Enzymatic Destruction: Bacteria produce enzymes that destroy or inactivate the antibiotic.
49. Alteration of Target Sites: Bacteria modify the binding sites of antibiotics, preventing them from attaching and working ettectively.
50. Biofilm Formation: Bacteria form biofilms, which protect them from antibiotics and the immune system.
51. Horizontal Gene Transfer: Bacteria acquire resistance genes from other bacteria through processes like conjugation, transformation, or
transduction.
52. Portal of Entry: Pathogens enter the body through inhalation of droplets or particles into the respiratory system.
53. Gastrointestinal tract: Pathogens enter the body through ingestion of contaminated food, water, or hands.
54. Genitourinary tract: Pathogens enter through the mucous membranes of the urinary or reproductive systems.
55. Breaches in the skin: Pathogens enter through cuts, wounds, or other breaks in the skin barrier.
56. Transplacental: Pathogens cross the placenta from the mother to the fetus during pregnancy.
57. Sign: An objective indication of a disease or condition that can be observed or measured by someone other than the patient.
58. Symptom: A subjective experience of a disease or condition that is felt and reported by the patient but cannot be directly observed by others.
59. Biological Vector: A living organism usually an arthropod that actively participates in the life cycle of a pathogen, allowing it to multiply or
develop before transmitting it to a host. Mosquitos, Ticks, Fleas.
60. Mechanical Vector: A living organism that passively carries pathogens on its body or surface without being infected itself, transmitting them to a
host through physical contact. Housefly.
61. Polio Virus: Fecal-oral route contaminated water/food, or direct contact with infected feces, caused by Poliomyelitis.
62. Bordetella pertussis: whooping cough spread through respiratory droplets.
63. Rabies virus: Bite or saliva of infected animal transmission causes Rabies.
64. Plasmodium: causes malaria, bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito.
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82. Antigens: Substances that trigger an immune response.
83. IgM: First antibody produced in initial immune response.
84. IgA: Antibody found in mucosal areas and secretions.
85. IgD: Antibody on B cells, involved in activation.
86. IgE: Antibody involved in allergic reactions and parasites.
87. IgG: Most abundant antibody, provides long-term immunity.
88. Meningitis: Inflammation of protective membranes around the brain. Fever, headache, stiff neck,altered mental state occur.
89. Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain from infections or autoimmune. Fever, headache, confusion, seizures.
90. Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva covering the eye. Redness, itching, crusting of eye, light sensitivity.
91. Keratitis: Inflammation of the cornea, attecting vision. Eye pain, redness, blurry vision.
92. Endocarditis: Inflammation of the heart's inner lining. Fever, fatigue, heart murmur, weight loss, night sweats.
93. CRBIs (Catheter related Bloodstream Infections): Infections associated with intravenous catheter use. Streptococcus progenes,
staphylococcus aureus.
94. Cellulitis: Bacterial infection of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Strept. py. and Staph. au.
95. Erysipelas: Superficial bacterial skin infection of upper dermis. Strept. py.
96. Necrotizing Fasciitis: Rapidly progressing bacterial infection destroying tissue. Vibrio vulnificus, Strept. py., Clostridium perfringens.
97. Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix due to obstruction. E.coli and Klebsiella, enterococcus.
98. Acute cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones. E.coli, entero, kleb.
99. Herpes simplex: Viral infections causing oral or genital lesions.
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100. HIV: Viral infection leading to immunodeficiency and AIDS.
101. Osteomyelitis: Bone infection caused by bacteria or fungi. S.aureus, p. aeruginosa, fungi.
102. Septic arthritis: Infection of a joint causing inflammation. S. aureus, s. progenes, N. gonorrhoeae.
103. Risk factors for endocarditis?: Heart valve disease, drug use, prosthetic valves.
104. Conjunctivitis caused by which pathogen can progress rapidly and caused blindness if left untreated?: Conjunctivitis
caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (trachoma) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae can lead to blindness if untreated.
105. What is the diagnosis for meningitis and encephalitis?: Meningitis: Lumbar puncture to analyze cerebrospinal fluid.
Encephalitis: CSF analysis and brain imaging for pathogens.
106. What pathogen is the most common cause of hospital associated colitis?: -
Clostridioides diflcile, often post-antibiotic use.
107. Why are transmission rates high for many sexually transmitted infections?-
: Asymptomatic carriers and lack of protection, Multiple partners, Stigma and lack of testing, Biological factors such as HIV.
