BIOS 255 Week 5 Case Study. | Assignments Nursing

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BIOS255 – Week 5 Case Study

Cellular immunity involves the action of T lymphocytes that will directly attack and destroy

abnormal host cells. During these immune responses, the body will get rid of pathogens

that reside inside human cells as they are inaccessible to antibodies.

Like all other formed elements, T cells are produced in red bone marrow by the

hematopoietic stem cells. Once produced, these new cells will enter the bloodstream and

travel to the thymus. Here, these lymphocytes will mature into fully functional T cells. T

lymphocytes must pass two tests before they are permitted to leave the thymus: positive

selection and negative selection. These tests ensure self- tolerance or restraint from

attacking one’s own tissues. Failure of self-tolerance can result in autoimmune reactions or

disorders, where the immune system will produce antibodies that will attack the body’s own

tissues.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly referred to as lupus, is a chronic

autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs

and tissues throughout the body. SLE can affect various systems, including the skin, joints,

kidneys, heart, lungs, and central nervous system. The exact cause of lupus is not fully

understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition,

environmental triggers, hormonal influences, and dysregulation of the immune system.

Client Background:

Jenny, a 28-year-old graphic designer, arrives at the immunology clinic with a weariness

that belies her age. Once a vibrant and energetic woman, Jenny now feels overwhelmed by

a myriad of symptoms that have plagued her for months. Her days are filled with

unrelenting fatigue, joint pain that makes even simple tasks a challenge, and a persistent

rash that mars her once-clear complexion. The rash across Jenny's cheeks and nose has

become a source of embarrassment and discomfort. No amount of makeup can conceal the

angry red patches that seem to flare up unpredictably.

Jenny's journey into the world of autoimmune disorders began gradually, with symptoms

that initially seemed insignificant. She brushed off her fatigue as the consequence of long

work hours and dismissed her joint pain as the natural result of stress and overexertion.

However, as time passed, Jenny's symptoms intensified, gradually eroding her quality of

life, and leaving her feeling helpless and defeated.

Desired Outcomes:

1. Identify the underlying cause of Jenny's recurrent infections and immune dysfunction.

2. Develop a comprehensive treatment plan to boost Jenny's immune function and

reduce her susceptibility to infections.

3. Educate Jenny about lifestyle modifications and preventive measures to support her

immune health and overall well-being.

Findings:

Upon examination, Jenny exhibits signs of inflammation, including swollen and tender joints,

along with a rash that appears to be consistent with a photosensitive skin reaction.

Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-dsDNA

antibodies, suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disorder

characterized by widespread inflammation and organ involvement.

1. Describe the processes of positive and negative selection, and how they contribute to

self-tolerance.

•Positive Selection occurs in the thymus, where developing T cells are

tested for their ability to bind with the body's major

histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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BIOS255 – Week 5 Case Study Cellular immunity involves the action of T lymphocytes that will directly attack and destroy abnormal host cells. During these immune responses, the body will get rid of pathogens that reside inside human cells as they are inaccessible to antibodies. Like all other formed elements, T cells are produced in red bone marrow by the hematopoietic stem cells. Once produced, these new cells will enter the bloodstream and travel to the thymus. Here, these lymphocytes will mature into fully functional T cells. T lymphocytes must pass two tests before they are permitted to leave the thymus: positive selection and negative selection. These tests ensure self- tolerance or restraint from attacking one’s own tissues. Failure of self-tolerance can result in autoimmune reactions or disorders, where the immune system will produce antibodies that will attack the body’s own tissues. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly referred to as lupus, is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs and tissues throughout the body. SLE can affect various systems, including the skin, joints, kidneys, heart, lungs, and central nervous system. The exact cause of lupus is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, hormonal influences, and dysregulation of the immune system. Client Background: Jenny, a 28-year-old graphic designer, arrives at the immunology clinic with a weariness that belies her age. Once a vibrant and energetic woman, Jenny now feels overwhelmed by a myriad of symptoms that have plagued her for months. Her days are filled with unrelenting fatigue, joint pain that makes even simple tasks a challenge, and a persistent rash that mars her once-clear complexion. The rash across Jenny's cheeks and nose has become a source of embarrassment and discomfort. No amount of makeup can conceal the angry red patches that seem to flare up unpredictably. Jenny's journey into the world of autoimmune disorders began gradually, with symptoms that initially seemed insignificant. She brushed off her fatigue as the consequence of long work hours and dismissed her joint pain as the natural result of stress and overexertion. However, as time passed, Jenny's symptoms intensified, gradually eroding her quality of life, and leaving her feeling helpless and defeated. Desired Outcomes:

Identify the underlying cause of Jenny's recurrent infections and immune dysfunction.
Develop a comprehensive treatment plan to boost Jenny's immune function and reduce her susceptibility to infections.
Educate Jenny about lifestyle modifications and preventive measures to support her immune health and overall well-being. Findings: Upon examination, Jenny exhibits signs of inflammation, including swollen and tender joints, along with a rash that appears to be consistent with a photosensitive skin reaction. Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-dsDNA antibodies, suggestive of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disorder characterized by widespread inflammation and organ involvement.
Describe the processes of positive and negative selection, and how they contribute to self-tolerance.

• Positive Selection occurs in the thymus , where developing T cells are

tested for their ability to bind with the body's major

histocompatibility complex (MHC)

molecules. T cells that successfully recognize MHC molecules are

allowed to survive, ensuring that T cells can effectively interact with

antigen-presenting cells.

• Negative Selection also takes place in the thymus, where T cells that

strongly bind to self-antigens (components of the body's own tissues)

are eliminated. This prevents autoimmunity by ensuring that T cells do

not attack the body’s own tissues.

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation, and what are their causes?

 Redness (Rubor) - Caused by increased blood flow to the affected area due to

vasodilation.

 Heat (Calor) - Resulting from increased blood flow and metabolic activity in the inflamed

tissues.

 Swelling (Tumor) - Caused by the accumulation of fluid and immune cells in the tissues

(edema).

 Pain (Dolor) - Due to the release of chemicals like prostaglandins and bradykinin that

sensitize nerve endings, and pressure from swelling.

List the different types of T lymphocytes and describe their functions.

 Helper T cells (CD4+) - Activate and coordinate the immune response by stimulating B

cells to produce antibodies and enhancing the activity of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.

 Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) - Directly kill infected or cancerous cells by releasing perforins

and granzymes, which induce apoptosis (cell death).

 Regulatory T cells (Tregs) - Suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and

prevent autoimmune reactions.

 Memory T cells - Remain in the body after an infection, providing long-term immunity by

quickly responding to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

Differentiate between cell-mediated immunity and humoral-mediated immunity.

Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells and is responsible for directly attacking

infected or cancerous cells. It does not rely on antibodies but rather on the activation of

cytotoxic T cells, which target and destroy infected cells.

Humoral-mediated immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies. These

antibodies circulate in the blood and bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens, marking them

for destruction by other immune cells, or preventing their entry into host cells.

What is the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in autoimmune diseases? a. MHC proteins prevent autoimmune reactions by suppressing the immune system. b. MHC proteins present self-antigens to immune cells. c. MHC proteins regulate the production of antibodies against foreign pathogens, preventing autoimmune responses. d. MHC proteins promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells, which suppress autoimmune reactions.

BIOS 255 Week 5 Case Study., Assignments of Nursing

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• Positive Selection occurs in the thymus , where developing T cells are

tested for their ability to bind with the body's major

histocompatibility complex (MHC)

molecules. T cells that successfully recognize MHC molecules are

allowed to survive, ensuring that T cells can effectively interact with

antigen-presenting cells.

• Negative Selection also takes place in the thymus, where T cells that

strongly bind to self-antigens (components of the body's own tissues)

are eliminated. This prevents autoimmunity by ensuring that T cells do

not attack the body’s own tissues.

 Redness (Rubor) - Caused by increased blood flow to the affected area due to

vasodilation.

 Heat (Calor) - Resulting from increased blood flow and metabolic activity in the inflamed

tissues.

 Swelling (Tumor) - Caused by the accumulation of fluid and immune cells in the tissues

(edema).

 Pain (Dolor) - Due to the release of chemicals like prostaglandins and bradykinin that

sensitize nerve endings, and pressure from swelling.

 Helper T cells (CD4+) - Activate and coordinate the immune response by stimulating B

cells to produce antibodies and enhancing the activity of cytotoxic T cells and macrophages.

 Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) - Directly kill infected or cancerous cells by releasing perforins

and granzymes, which induce apoptosis (cell death).

 Regulatory T cells (Tregs) - Suppress immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and

prevent autoimmune reactions.

 Memory T cells - Remain in the body after an infection, providing long-term immunity by

quickly responding to subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

Cell-mediated immunity involves T cells and is responsible for directly attacking

infected or cancerous cells. It does not rely on antibodies but rather on the activation of

cytotoxic T cells, which target and destroy infected cells.

Humoral-mediated immunity involves B cells and the production of antibodies. These

antibodies circulate in the blood and bind to antigens, neutralizing pathogens, marking them

for destruction by other immune cells, or preventing their entry into host cells.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins play a crucial

role in autoimmune diseases by presenting antigens to T

conditions, the immune system mistakenly recognizes the body's

own tissues as foreign due to abnormal MHC presentation. This

triggers an immune response that attacks healthy cells, leading to

tissue damage and inflammation.