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PSYC 140 MODULE 1 EXAM COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW 2026
โ Erikson uses the term _____ to refer to producing something that benefits others. Answer: generativity โ what according to erikson is the negative possible outcome of the crisis in late adulthood?. Answer: Despair โ How many psychosocial stages did Erikson describe?. Answer: 8 โ Human development is comprised of biological, social, and cognitive changes to name a few therefore development is _______. Answer: multidimensional โ Janice is 60 and feels that she is in the prime of her life, at least mentally, however she is starting to experience some problems with arthritis and knows she doesnt have quite the same stamina she used to. These trends are a good illustration of development being _______. Answer: multidirectional โ what are 2 critiques discussed regarding Freuds psychosexual stages?. Answer: 1. development is lifelong not just through infants
and adolescents and in terms of aging, maturation, and growth it is evident that development is lifelong.
- The methodology only relies on clinical samples. โ What should a parent of a toddler do to address the delicate balance of navigating a child through the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage?. Answer: Parents should focus on ways to foster the childs independence while not being critical of them. โ Freuds stages: birth-18 months. Answer: oral stage โ Freuds stages: 18 months- 3 years. Answer: anal stage โ Feuds stages: 3 years-6 years. Answer: phallic stage โ Freuds stages: 6 years-puberty. Answer: latency stage โ Freuds stages: puberty-adulthood. Answer: genital stage
โ Eriksons second stage. Answer: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (18 months-3 years) โ Eriksons third stage. Answer: Initiative vs. guilt (3-5 years) โ Erikson fourth stage. Answer: Industry vs. inferiority (5-12 years) โ Eriksons fifth stage. Answer: Identity vs. role confusion (12- 18 years) โ Eriksons sixth stage. Answer: intimacy vs. isolation (18-40 years) โ Eriksons seventh stage. Answer: generativity vs. stagnation (40- 65 years) โ Eriksons eighth stage. Answer: ego integrity vs. despair (65- death) โ what does the nature side emphasize?. Answer: biology and maturation, ones genetics, personality, and innate characteristics will naturally unfold and cause one to develop in a certain way.
โ What does the nurture side emphasize?. Answer: the role of parents, other individuals, and the context in which one lives in assessing what primarily influences development โ Does Freud believe in nature or nurture?. Answer: he incorporated both into his theories of development, although his emphasis on nature is more clearly seen in his view of the development of personality (is, ego, superego), however his emphasis on nurture is evident in his early childhood experiences influencing the psychosexual stages. โ Does Erikson believe in nature or nurture?. Answer: He leaned toward the nurture side with his emphasis on social influences โ Did the behaviorists believe in nature or nurture?. Answer: Emphasized nurture โ Did Piaget believe in nature or nurture?. Answer: he believed in nature โ Did Piaget have a continuous or discontinuous view on development?. Answer: A discontinuous view due to his stage theory
โ Sigmund Freud. Answer: psychosexual stages, each of which involves a conflict and fixation with an area of the body that is associated with sexual gratification. โ fixated oral personality. Answer: when someone gets fixated in the oral stage usually due to weaning off breast feeding to early, can be indicated by biting fingernails or chewing gum โ Anal retentive personality. Answer: a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn โ Phallic stage. Answer: Freuds 3rd stage of development, focuses on the male genitals โ Latency stage. Answer: Freuds 4th stage, you develop friendships, skills, and interests โ Genital stage. Answer: Freuds 8th stage, focuses on sexual maturity, healthy relationships, and productive work โ Erik Erikson. Answer: Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development
โ Behaviorism. Answer: studying behavior in a measurable and observable way โ classic conditioning. Answer: a learned response to a specific stimulus โ classical conditioning can help. Answer: phobias โ operant conditioning. Answer: learning based on rewards and punishments โ B.F. Skinner. Answer: Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats โ Social learning theory. Answer: Bandura's theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished โ Jean Piaget. Answer: Known for his theory of cognitive development in children, believed children were born with basic units of knowledge called schemas โ assimilation. Answer: interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
โ Jean Piaget's second stage. Answer: preoperational stage, 2- 7 years โ what abilities develop in the preoperational stage?. Answer: animism, where they think nonliving objects have life and feelings. โ Concrete operational stage. Answer: Children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Begin to understand that although things may change in appearance certain properties remain the same. Piaget considered this stage a huge turning point because it marks the beginning of logical thought โ Jean Piaget's third stage. Answer: Concrete operational stage, 7- 11 years โ What happens to children in the concrete operational stage?. Answer: they tend to make mistakes or be overwhelmed when asked to reason about abstract or hypothetical problems. โ Formal operational stage. Answer: Adolescents begin to think in an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning โ Jean Piaget's fourth stage. Answer: formal operational stage, 12+
โ what happens to adolescents in this stage?. Answer: You begin to see an emergence of scientific thinking, formulating abstract theories and hypotheses when faced with a problem โ Piaget's theory had a large impact on _____. Answer: primary education โ Who was a theorist who used ethological theory?. Answer: Konrad Lorenz whos geese illustrated the phenomenon of imprinting โ Who was a theorist that used sociocultural theory. Answer: Lee Vygotsky who focused on how culture and knowledge is transmitted to the next generation โ Who was a theorist that used Ecological systems theory?. Answer: Bronfenbrenner, who focused on 5 different environmental systems that ranged from very small (neighborhood) to very large (period of history you were born) โ who are the different behaviorists?. Answer: Ivan Pavlov (classical conditioning) B.F. Skinner (Operant conditioning) Albert Bandura (Social learning)
โ what is the negative outcome of identity vs. role confusion. Answer: rebellion โ what is the virtue gained from intimacy vs. isolation. Answer: love โ what is the virtue gained from generativity vs stagnation. Answer: care โ what is the virtue gained from integrity vs despair. Answer: wisdom โ schemas. Answer: a cohesive, repeatable action sequence possessing component actions that are tightly interconnected and governed by core meaning โ operations. Answer: more sophisticated mental structures which allow us to combine schemas in a logical way โ what are the controversies regarding erikson's theory. Answer: it is vague about the causes of development and does not have a universal mechanism for crisis resolution โ
