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PSYC 140 MODULE 3 EXAM 2026 MASTER
STUDY EXAM
โ Decline in Stage 3 with age may be related to.... Answer: diminishing cognitive abilities โ Benefits of Sleep. Answer: - protective role in early human evolution
- restore/repair damaged neurons
- aids memory consolidation
- promotes creative problem solving the next day โ consolidation. Answer: memory goes from short term to long term *happens in Stage 3 โ Consolidation Study #1. Answer: - Participants learned a list of words
- half went to sleep for 8 hours right after
- half went about their day for 8 hours after Results = The sleep group had better recall
โ Consolidation Study #2. Answer: - Participants learned location of objects in concentration game while exposed to odor
- half later exposed to odor in Stage 3 sleep
- half later exposed to odor in REM Results = Stage 3 group showed improved memory for task โ Langauge Regions of Brain. Answer: Broca's area and Wernicke's area (both in left hemisphere) โ aphasia. Answer: loss of language function โ Broca's Aphasia (Non-Fluent). Answer: - difficulty producing speech
- stuttering and hesitant
- language comprehension still present
- still have ability to utter automatic speech like "hello" and "oh shit!" โ Because of its proximity to motor cortex, many people with Broca's aphasia also have. Answer: Hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body) โ Wernicke's Aphasia (Fluent). Answer: - produce plenty of verbal output, but speech contains many paraphrasias (insertion of incorrect sounds)
b. 12 months c. 18 months d. 2 years. Answer: b. 12 months โ Children's production of two-sentence words such as "more milk" or "throw ball" are referred to as __________ a. telegraphic speech b. holophrase c. slow mapping d. fast mapping. Answer: a. telegraphic speech โ True or false: Aphasia refers to a difficulty in producing or comprehending language. Answer: True โ True or false: The left hemisphere is responsible for language production.. Answer: true โ Broca's area is involved in __________, while Wernicke's area is involved in __________.. Answer: language production; language comprehension โ True or false: Memory consolidation appears to happen mostly during REM.. Answer: False (answer is Stage 3)
โ Brain area responsible for automatic speech/emotional tone of voice. Answer: right hemisphere โ Prosopagnosia. Answer: - failure to recognize particular people by the sight of their faces
- damage to fusiform gyrus โ language. Answer: involves spoken, written, and signed words โ Noam Chomsky. Answer: - argued all languages share basic elements called UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR
- theorized humans are born predisposed to learn grammar rules โ receptive language. Answer: ability to understand what is said *develops before productive speech โ babbling stage (not language). Answer: - begins around 4 months
- sounds w/ no meaning ex. dada, mama, โ Language Structure. Answer: 1. Phonemes (smallest distinctive sound)
ex. see clown --> increased heart rate --> fear โ Schachter-Singer (Two Factor) Theory. Answer: - Our physical reactions and our cognitive appraisal create emotion together arousal + cognitive appraisal = emotion โ spillover effect. Answer: arousal spills over from one event to the next ----- influencing the response โ Zajonc Theory. Answer: - We have many emotional reactions before our conscious interpretations of a situation
- liking something or someone immediately, without knowing why โ Zajonc Theory Study. Answer: - flashing items (with no conscious processing)
- Participants preferred items they had previously "seen" be flashed โ LeDoux: Neural Pathways of Emotions. Answer: Highroad: visual stimulus --> thalamus --> cortex --> amygdala
- for complex emotions (love, hate) Lowroad: visual stimulus --> thalamus --> amygdala
- for faster reactions (simple likes, dislikes, fears)
โ Detecting Emotions Study. Answer: - Half of participants heard clip of marital separation
- Other half read transcript of the clip
- Hearing group was better able to predict couple's future โ Women and Emotions. Answer: - tend to be better at reading emotional cues/being empathetic (not surprising)
- express more emotion with their faces โ facial feedback hypothesis. Answer: facial expression can affect mood mood <--> facial expression โ Impairment of facial expressions may affect subjective experience of emotions.... Answer: People with Botox report experiencing less intense emotions โ behavior feedback effect. Answer: tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions mood <--> behavior โ Feel-good, Do-Good Phenomenon. Answer: state of happiness influences all facets of life
โ Gardner. Answer: - Multiple Intelligences (spatial, naturalist, musical, logical-mathematical, interpersonal, intra-personal, bodily- kinsthetic, linguistic, existential) โ savant syndrome. Answer: - certain abilities show well above average performance (math, art, music, memory) but well below average in other areas
- used as evidence for multiple intelligences โ Sternberg's Intelligences. Answer: analytical - school smarts creative - trailblazing smarts practical - street smarts โ Emotional Intelligence. Answer: the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions โ aptitude test. Answer: designed to predict a person's future performance; capacity to learn ex. SAT โ achievement test. Answer: designed to assess what a person has learned ex. this psych exam
โ Alfred Binet. Answer: - environmental explanation of intelligence
- developed a test that measured mental age โ Lewis-Terman. Answer: - revised Binet's test (Stanford-Binet Test)
- also called IQ exam IQ = mental age/actual age * 100 โ reliable. Answer: consistent โ validity. Answer: the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure โ cross-sectional design. Answer: people of different ages are compared (shows intellectual decline) โ longitudinal design. Answer: same people studied over a long period of time (shows intellectual stability) โ crystallized intelligence. Answer: - accumulated knowledge of the world acquired over time
- Increases with age, until middle-age
โ The___________________ suggests that feedback from our facial expressions can affect our mood.. Answer: facial feedback hypothesis โ The idea that one's happiness is determined by comparing our state to other is called ____________________. Answer: relative deprivation principle โ ______________ was an intelligence researcher who argued that one has general intelligence (g).. Answer: Spearman โ True or false: The SAT test is an example of an achievement test. Answer: false (it's an aptitude test) โ True or false: Thurstone initially disagreed with the idea of general intelligence. Nonetheless, his research findings supported the idea of general intelligence.. Answer: true โ True or false: In a Stanford-Binet test scored that are above average indicate that chronological age is greater than mental age.. Answer: false (mental age would be greater) โ True or false: Findings from intelligence testing using longitudinal designs support the idea that intelligence is reduced as we get older. We can see this by looking at memory research. Answer: false
โ True or false: Savant syndrome is evidence of the general intelligence theory proposed by Spearman.. Answer: false (it is evidence of multiple intelligences) โ Language functions, such as language production, primarily engage:. Answer: the left hemisphere โ The most prominent feature of Broca's aphasia is. Answer: difficulty in language production โ The ________ is specialized in processing faces. Answer: right hemisphere โ Prosopagnosia is also known as. Answer: face blindness โ True or false: Productive language develops before receptive language. Answer: false โ _________ is a prominent figure in the study of language development. Answer: Chomsky โ __________ is defined as the subjective awareness of self and environment. Answer: consciousness
โ Which of the following theories state that arousal and the emotion occur simultaneously?. Answer: Cannon-Bard โ Le-Doux investigated the neural pathways of emotion. Which of the following is part of the high road? You may select more than one option. a) thalamus b) hypothalamus c) amygdala d) hippocampus e) cortex. Answer: a, c, e โ The __________ states that one's happiness is determined by other people's success. That is, wee are constantly comparing our happiness to others.. Answer: relative deprivation principle โ Thurstone's research supported the idea's proposed by Spearman. That is, humans either have general intelligence (g) or they do not.. Answer: True โ _________ experiences the greatest decline as we age.. Answer: Stage 3
