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PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026, Exams of Personality Psychology

Princeton UniversityPersonality Psychology

PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW 2026

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 12/15/2025

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PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPREHENSIVE
REVIEW 2026
โ—‰ Describe cross-sectional studies. Answer: These look at a moment
in time, or how a group of people currently are at a specific moment,
rather than developmental changes over time. Because it's more
time-efficient, people find it easier to commit to.
โ—‰ Name the five research methods. Answer: 1. Naturalistic
observation
2. Case study
3. Survey/interview
4. Correlational research/study
5. Experiment
โ—‰ When is naturalistic observation useful?. Answer: When you need
to see a subject performing natural behavior in a familiar,
comfortable environment
โ—‰ When is a case study useful?. Answer: When you need to combine
direct observation with an interview, which enables researchers to
get in-depth information about a specific issue/area
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PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPREHENSIVE

REVIEW 2026

โ—‰ Describe cross-sectional studies. Answer: These look at a moment in time, or how a group of people currently are at a specific moment, rather than developmental changes over time. Because it's more time-efficient, people find it easier to commit to. โ—‰ Name the five research methods. Answer: 1. Naturalistic observation

  1. Case study
  2. Survey/interview
  3. Correlational research/study
  4. Experiment โ—‰ When is naturalistic observation useful?. Answer: When you need to see a subject performing natural behavior in a familiar, comfortable environment โ—‰ When is a case study useful?. Answer: When you need to combine direct observation with an interview, which enables researchers to get in-depth information about a specific issue/area

โ—‰ When is a survey or interview useful?. Answer: When you need a large sample size and to collect data quickly โ—‰ When is correlational research/study useful?. Answer: Because most of the questions researchers have in developmental psychology are correlational โ—‰ When is an experiment useful?. Answer: When you need to know whether a particular variable caused a change โ—‰ List the three types of prenatal tests. Answer: 1. Ultrasound

  1. Amniocentesis
  2. Chorionic Villus Sampling โ—‰ Give an overview of what happens during an ultrasound. Answer: High-frequency soundwaves are directed into the mother's abdomen and create images of the fetus โ—‰ Give an overview of amniocentesis. Answer: Between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy, fluid is removed via syringe from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus, which contains cells shed by the fetus.

โ—‰ List the periods of prenatal development. Answer: 1. Germinal

  1. Embryonic
  2. Fetal โ—‰ Duration of the germinal period. Answer: First 2 weeks after conception โ—‰ Duration of the embryonic period. Answer: 2-8 weeks after conception โ—‰ Duration of the fetal period. Answer: 2-9 months after conception โ—‰ Give an overview of the germinal period. Answer: First 2 weeks after conception
  • zygote is created, attaches to uterine wall โ—‰ Give an overview of the embryonic period. Answer: 2-8 weeks after conception
  • layers of cells are formed that become organs and support systems for cells
  • inner layer becomes respiratory and digestive systems
  • outer layer becomes nervous system and sensory systems

โ—‰ Give an overview of the fetal period. Answer: 2-9 months after conception

  • thumb sucking at 8-9 weeks
  • responsive to sound at 20 weeks
  • viable at 22-26 weeks
  • breathing motions observed at 30 weeks โ—‰ Define teratogen. Answer: Any external factor (stress, malnutrition, alcohol, etc.) that causes a birth defect in a developing child. Precise influence depends on 3 variables:
  1. baby's gestational age
  2. amount of the teratogen
  3. susceptability to the teratogen โ—‰ List three three stages of childbirth. Answer: 1. Early labor and active labor (aka dilation and effacement of cervix)
  4. Delivery of baby
  5. Delivery of placenta โ—‰ Give an overview of stage 1 of childbirth. Answer: Starts: onset of true labor Ends: when cervix is fully dilated
  1. Anesthesia
  2. Oxytocics โ—‰ Describe analgesics. Answer: - relieve pain
  • includes narcotics, barbiturates, tranquilizers โ—‰ Describe anesthesia. Answer: - blocks pain in a certain area
  • general anesthesia also blocks consciousness
  • most modern deliveries use epidural anesthesia, which is a regional block, not general anesthesia โ—‰ Describe oxytocics. Answer: - synthetic hormones
  • stimulate contractions to induce labor โ—‰ Describe Lamaze. Answer: - prepared childbirth strategy
  • named for its founder
  • uses breathing techniques and education to relieve pain and control fear โ—‰ What is the fourth trimester?. Answer: It's the postpartum period. It's referred to as the fourth trimester, because the mother's health during this period is just as important as during the first three trimesters. It also lasts for 12 weeks.

During this time, the mother's body heals, she emotionally and biologically adjusts to childbearing and rearing. โ—‰