Download PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE 2026 and more Exams Personality Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYC 140 MODULE 2 EXAM COMPLETE STUDY
GUIDE 2026
โ longitudinal study. Answer: a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time โ cross-sectional study. Answer: research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time โ naturalistic observation. Answer: observations made in the subject's everyday environment advantages: assess natural behavior as it occurs disadvantages: only can access observed behavior; no interview to understand context for behavior; subject may alter behavior if observations are noticed โ case study. Answer: involves observation and interview advantages: detailed information disadvantages: subjectivity and generalizability โ survey research. Answer: most common in research psychology getting answers from many people using a questionnaire or self- report
advantages: efficiency and quick; generalizability disadvantages: concerns with self-report measures (are they telling the truth? are they motivated to the tell the truth?) โ correlational research design. Answer: usually combined with survey understanding the relationship between variables, both in terms of strength and direction advantages: answers key questions about the relationship between variables disadvantages: correlation does not equal causation โ experiments. Answer: addressing causality using manipulation and control advantages: adresses causation disadvantages: the Hawthorne effect (A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied) โ Prenatal Diagnostic Tests. Answer: procedures designed to provide unequivocal answers about the presence or absence of a prenatal problem โ Ultrasound. Answer: directs high frequency sound waves into the mother's abdomen
โ passive genotype-environment interaction. Answer: Parents provide both the genetic predisposition as well as a nurturing context to foster certain qualities in a child โ evocative genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents can provide the genetic predisposition for the child to then evoke certain reactions in others our own behaviors may play a role in our development โ active genotype-environment interaction. Answer: parents may provide a genetic predisposition that results in the child actively seeking out environmental conditions that foster the development of certain qualities โ Teratogens. Answer: any external factor that causes a birth defect in the developing child โ three variables that govern the influence of teratogens. Answer: baby's gestational stage: different organs form in different times amount of teratogen: more is always worse susceptibility to the teratogen: genetic susceptibility โ Prenatal Development Stages. Answer: germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
โ germinal stage. Answer: the first two weeks after conception zygote is created and attaches to the uterine wall โ embryonic stage. Answer: 2-8 weeks after conception layers of cells are formed (develop into organs and support systems for cell) โ fetal stage. Answer: 2 months after conception lasts about 7 months major growth and development takes place โ first trimester. Answer: grows up to 3 inches weighs about 1 oz by the end begins to develop spinal cord, nervous system, gastrointestinal system, heart and lungs heart beat detectable at 8 weeks can move arms, legs, fingers, and toes brain is forming by 8 weeks can smile, frown, suck, and swallow can move and respond to touch by second month can tell gender around 12 weeks
โ Nicotine teratogenic effects. Answer: miscarriage, preterm birth, low birth weight, learning difficulties, SIDs โ Alcohol teratogenic effects. Answer: fetal alcohol syndrome, cognitive and emotional problems โ X-Rays Teratogenic Effects. Answer: gene mutation, possible deformity โ Herpes teratogenic effects. Answer: miscarriage, low birth weight, intellectual disability โ Tosoplasmosis teratogenic effects. Answer: eye and brain damage โ malnutrition teratogenic effects. Answer: nervous system damage, respiratory illness, poor health โ Stress Teratogenic Effects. Answer: miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, respiratory illness, birth defects โ advanced maternal age teratogenic effects. Answer: chromosomal defects, miscarriage, infertility โ Stages of Childbirth. Answer: 1. Early labor and active labor
- Delivery of the baby
- Delivery of the placenta โ early labor and active labor. Answer: longest stage begins at the onset of true labor and ends when the cervix is completely dilated early labor takes about 8-12 hours active labor takes 3-5 hours contractions in early labor last about 30-45 seconds with 5- 30 minutes of rest in between they start out mild and irregular then progress water break? contractions in active labor last about 45-60 seconds with 3- 5 minutes in between โ delivery of baby. Answer: Begins when cervical dilation is complete (10 cm) and ends after the baby's delivery Usually lasts 20 minutes to 2 hours strong urge to push accompanied by a strong sense of pressure at the rectum baby's head will eventually crown (become visible); at that point, let the doctors coach on when and how to push
breastfeeding psychological adjustments: coordinating schedules, readjusting social relationships, and bonding with baby โ
